penguin island-第16部分

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of　Johannes　Talpa；　which；　by　a　marvellous　chance；　hung　from　the　ruin　of　a　smoking　gable。　The　old　chronicler　still　kept　writing。

This　admirable　intensity　of　thought　may　seem　excessive　in　the　case　of　an　annalist　who　applies　himself　to　relate　the　events　of　his　own　time。　However　abstracted　and　detached　we　may　be　from　surrounding　things；　we　nevertheless　resent　their　influence。　I　have　consulted　the　original　manuscript　of　Johannes　Talpa　in　the　National　Library；　where　it　is　preserved　（Monumenta　Peng。；　K。　L6。；　12390　four）。　It　is　a　parchment　manuscript　of　628　leaves。　The　writing　is　extremely　confused；　the　letters　instead　of　being　in　a　straight　line；　stray　in　all　directions　and　are　mingled　together　in　great　disorder；　or；　more　correctly　speaking；　in　absolute　confusion。　They　are　so　badly　formed　that　for　the　most　part　it　is　impossible　not　merely　to　say　what　they　are；　but　even　to　distinguish　them　from　the　splashes　of　ink　with　which　they　are　plentifully　interspersed。　Those　inestimable　pages　bear　witness　in　this　way　to　the　troubles　amid　which　they　were　written。　To　read　them　is　difficult。　On　the　other　hand；　the　monk　of　Beargarden's　style　shows　no　trace　of　emotion。　The　tone　of　the　〃Gesta　Penguinorum〃　never　departs　from　simplicity。　The　narration　is　rapid　and　of　a　conciseness　that　sometimes　approaches　dryness。　The　reflections　are　rare　and；　as　a　rule；　judicious。



V。　THE　ARTS：　THE　PRIMITIVES　OF　PENGUIN　PAINTING

The　Penguin　critics　vie　with　one　another　in　affirming　that　Penguin　art　has　from　its　origin　been　distinguished　by　a　powerful　and　pleasing　originality；　and　that　we　may　look　elsewhere　in　vain　for　the　qualities　of　grace　and　reason　that　characterise　its　earliest　works。　But　the　Porpoises　claim　that　their　artists　were　undoubtedly　the　instructors　and　masters　of　the　Penguins。　It　is　difficult　to　form　an　opinion　on　the　matter；　because　the　Penguins；　before　they　began　to　admire　their　primitive　painters；　destroyed　all　their　works。

We　cannot　be　too　sorry　for　this　loss。　For　my　own　part　I　feel　it　cruelly；　for　I　venerate　the　Penguin　antiquities　and　I　adore　the　primitives。　They　are　delightful。　I　do　not　say　the　are　all　alike；　for　that　would　be　untrue；　but　they　have　common　characters　that　are　found　in　all　schoolsI　mean　formulas　from　which　they　never　departand　there　is　besides　something　finished　in　their　work；　for　what　they　know　they　know　well。　Luckily　we　can　form　a　notion　of　the　Penguin　primitives　from　the　Italian；　Flemish；　and　Dutch　primitives；　and　from　the　French　primitives；　who　are　superior　to　all　the　rest；　as　M。　Gruyer　tells　us　they　are　more　logical；　logic　being　a　peculiarly　French　quality。　Even　if　this　is　denied　it　must　at　least　be　admitted　that　to　France　belongs　the　credit　of　having　kept　primitives　when　the　other　nations　knew　them　no　longer。　The　Exhibition　of　French　Primitives　at　the　Pavilion　Marsan　in　1904　contained　several　little　panels　contemporary　with　the　later　Valois　kings　and　with　Henry　IV。

I　have　made　many　journeys　to　see　the　pictures　of　the　brothers　Van　Eyck；　of　Memling；　of　Roger　van　der　Weyden；　of　the　painter　of　the　death　of　Mary；　of　Ambrogio　Lorenzetti；　and　of　the　old　Umbrian　masters。　It　was；　however；　neither　Bruges；　nor　Cologne；　nor　Sienna；　nor　Perugia；　that　completed　my　initiation；　it　was　in　the　little　town　of　Arezzo　that　I　became　a　conscious　adept　in　primitive　painting。　That　was　ten　years　ago　or　even　longer。　At　that　period　of　indigence　and　simplicity；　the　municipal　museums；　though　usually　kept　shut；　were　always　opened　to　foreigners。　One　evening　an　old　woman　with　a　candle　showed　me；　for　half　a　lira；　the　sordid　museum　of　Arezzo；　and　in　it　I　discovered　a　painting　by　Margaritone；　a　〃St。　Francis；〃　the　pious　sadness　of　which　moved　me　to　tears。　I　was　deeply　touched；　and　Margaritone；of　Arezzo　became　from　that　day　my　dearest　primitive。

I　picture　to　myself　the　Penguin　primitives　in　conformity　with　the　works　of　that　master。　It　will　not　therefore　be　thought　superfluous　if　in　this　place　I　consider　his　works　with　some　attention；　if　not　in　detail；　at　least　under　their　more　general　and；　if　I　dare　say　so；　most　representative　aspect。

We　possess　five　or　six　pictures　signed　with　his　hand。　His　masterpiece；　preserved　in　the　National　Gallery　of　London；　represents　the　Virgin　seated　on　a　throne　and　holding　the　infant　Jesus　in　her　arms。　What　strikes　one　first　when　one　looks　at　this　figure　is　the　proportion。　The　body　from　the　neck　to　the　feet　is　only　twice　as　long　as　the　head；　so　that　it　appears　extremely　short　and　podgy。　This　work　is　not　less　remarkable　for　its　painting　than　for　its　drawing。　The　great　Margaritone　had　but　a　limited　number　of　colours　in　his　possession；　and　he　used　them　in　all　their　purity　without　ever　modifying　the　tones。　From　this　it　follows　that　his　colouring　has　more　vivacity　than　harmony。　The　cheeks　of　the　Virgin　and　those　of　the　Child　are　of　a　bright　vermilion　which　the　old　master；　from　a　naive　preference　for　clear　definitions；　has　placed　on　each　face　in　two　circumferences　as　exact　as　if　they　had　been　traced　out　by　a　pair　of　compasses。

A　learned　critic　of　the　eighteenth　century；　the　Abbe　Lanzi；　has　treated　Margaritone's　works　with　profound　disdain。　〃They　are；〃　he　says。　〃merely　crude　daubs。　In　those　unfortunate　times　people　could　neither　draw　nor　paint。〃　Such　was　the　common　opinion　of　the　connoisseurs　of　the　days　of　powdered　wigs。　But　the　great　Margaritone　and　his　contemporaries　were　soon　to　be　avenged　for　this　cruel　contempt。　There　was　born　in　the　nineteenth　century；　in　the　biblical　villages　and　reformed　cottages　of　pious　England；　a　multitude　of　little　Samuels　and　little　St。　Johns；　with　hair　curling　like　lambs；　who；　about　1840；　and　1850；　became　spectacled　professors　and　founded　the　cult　of　the　primitives。

That　eminent　theorist　of　Pre…Raphaelitism；　Sir　James　Tuckett；　does　not　shrink　from　placing　the　Madonna　of　the　National　Gallery　on　a　level　with　the　masterpieces　of　Christian　art。　〃By　giving　to　the　Virgin's　head；〃　says　Sir　James　Tuckett；　〃a　third　of　the　total　height　of　the　figure；　the　old　master　attracts　the　spectator's　attention　and　keeps　it　directed　towards　the　more　sublime　parts　of　the　human　figure；　and　in　particular　the　eyes；　which　we　ordinarily　describe　as　the　spiritual　organs。　In　this　picture；　colouring　and　design　conspire　to　produce　an　ideal　and　mystical　impression。　The　vermilion　of　the　cheeks　does　not　recall　the　natural　appearance　of　the　skin；　it　rather　seems　as　if　the　old　master　has　applied　the　roses　of　Paradise　to　the　faces　of　the　Mother　and　the　Child。〃

We　see；　in　such　a　criticism　as　this；　a　shining　reflection；　so　to　speak；　of　the　work　which　it　exalts；　yet　MacSilly；　the　seraphic　aesthete　of　Edinburgh；　has　expressed　in　a　still　more　moving　and　penetrating　fashion　the　impression　produced　upon　his　mind　by　the　sight　of　this　primitive　painting。　〃The　Madonna　of　Margaritone；〃　says　the　revered　MacSilly；　〃attains　the　transcendent　end　of　art。　It　inspires　its　beholders　with　feelings　of　innocence　and　purity；　it　makes　them　like　little　children。　And　so　true　is　this；　that　at　the　age　of　sixty…six；　after　having　had　the　joy　of　contemplating　it　closely　for　three　hours；　I　felt　myself　suddenly　transformed　into　a　little　child。　While　my　cab　was　taking　me　through　Trafalgar　Square　I　kept　laughing　and　prattling　and　shaking　my　spectacle…case　as　if　it　were　a　rattle。　And　when　the　maid　in　my　boarding…house　had　served　my　meal　I　kept　pouring　spoonfuls　of　soup　into　my　ear　with　all　the　artlessness　of　childhood。〃

〃It　is　by　such　results；〃　adds　MacSilly；　〃that　the　excellence　of　a　work　of　art　is　proved。〃

Margaritone；　according　to　Vasari；　died　at　the　age　of　seventy…seven；　〃regretting　that　he　had　lived　to　see　a　new　form　of　art　arising　and　the　new　artists　crowned　with　fame。〃

These　lines；　which　I　translate　literally；　have　inspired　Sir　James　Tuckett　with　what　are　perhaps　the　finest　pages　in　his　work。　They　form　part　of　his　〃Breviary　for　Aesthetes〃；　all　the　Pre…Raphaelites　know　them　by　heart。　I　place　them　here　as　the　most　precious　ornament　of　this　book。　You　will　agree　that　nothing　more　sublime　has　been　written　since　the　days　of　the　Hebrew　prophets。

MARGARITONE'S　VISION

Margaritone；　full　of　years　and　labours；　went　one　day　to　visit　the　studio　of　a　young　painter　who　had　lately　settled　in　the　town。　He　noticed　in　the　studio　a　freshly　painted　Madonna；　which；　although　severe　and　rigid；　nevertheless；　by　a　certain　exactness　in　the　proportions　and　a　devilish　mingling　of　light　and　shade；　assumed　an　appearance　of　relief　and　life。　At　this　sight　the　artless　and　sublime　worker　of　Arezzo　perceived　with　horror　what　the　future　of　painting　would　be。　With　his　brow　clasped　in　his　hands　he　exclaimed：

〃What　things　of　shame　does　not　this　figure　show　forth！　I　discern　in　it　the　end　of　that　Christian　art　which　paints　the　soul　and　inspires　the　beholder　with　an　ardent　desire　for　heaven。　Future　painters　will　not　restrain　themselves　as　does　this　one　to　portraying　on　the　side　of　a　wall　or　on　a　wooden　panel　the　cursed　matter　of　which　our　bodies　are　formed；　they　will　celebrate　and　glorify　it。　They　will　clothe　their　figures　with　dangerous　appearances　of　flesh；　and　these　figures　will　seem　like　real　persons。　Their　bodies　will　be　seen；　their　forms　will　appear　through　their　clothing。　St。　Magdalen　will　have　a　bosom。　St。　Martha　a　belly；　St。　Barbara　hips；　St。　Agnes　buttocks；　St。　Sebastian