wealbk04-第72部分

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certain　public　institutions　which　it　can　never　be　for　the

interest　of　any　individual；　or　small　number　of　individuals；　to

erect　and　maintain；　because　the　profit　could　never　repay　the

expense　to　any　individual　or　small　number　of　individuals；　though

it　may　frequently　do　much　more　than　repay　it　to　a　great　society。

　　　　　The　proper　performance　of　those　several　duties　of　the

sovereign　necessarily　supposes　a　certain　expense；　and　this

expense　again　necessarily　requires　a　certain　revenue　to　support

it。　In　the　following　book；　therefore；　I　shall　endeavour　to

explain；　first；　what　are　the　necessary　expenses　of　the　sovereign

or　commonwealth；　and　which　of　those　expenses　ought　to　be　defrayed

by　the　general　contribution　of　the　whole　society；　and　which　of

them　by　that　of　some　particular　part　only；　or　of　some　particular

members　of　the　society；　secondly；　what　are　the　different　methods

in　which　the　whole　society　may　be　made　to　contribute　towards

defraying　the　expenses　incumbent　on　the　whole　society；　and　what

are　the　principal　advantages　and　inconveniences　of　each　of　those

methods；　and　thirdly；　what　are　the　reasons　and　causes　which　have

induced　almost　all　modern　governments　to　mortgage　some　part　of　

this　revenue；　or　to　contract　debts；　and　what　have　been　the　effects　

of　those　debts　upon　the　real　wealth；　the　annual　produce　of　the　

land　and　labour　of　the　society。　The　following　book；　therefore；

　will　naturally　be　divided　into　three　chapters。