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art of war-第10部分

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     14。  By means of these seven considerations I can forecast 

victory or defeat。

     15。  The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon 

it; will conquer:   let such a one be retained in command!  The 

general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it;  will 

suffer defeat:  let such a one be dismissed!



     'The form of this paragraph reminds us that Sun Tzu's 

treatise was composed expressly for the benefit of his patron Ho 

Lu; king of the Wu State。'



     16。  While heading the profit of my counsel; avail yourself 

also of any helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary 

rules。

     17。  According as circumstances are favorable;  one should 

modify one's plans。



     'Sun Tzu;  as a practical soldier; will have none of the 

〃bookish theoric。〃  He cautions us here not to pin our faith to 

abstract principles; 〃for;〃 as Chang Yu puts it; 〃while the main 

laws of strategy can be stated clearly enough for the benefit of 

all and sundry; you must be guided by the actions of the enemy in 

attempting to secure a favorable position in actual warfare。〃  On 

the eve of the battle of Waterloo; Lord Uxbridge; commanding the 

cavalry;  went to the Duke of Wellington in order to learn what 

his plans and calculations were for the morrow; because;  as he 

explained; he might suddenly find himself Commander…in…chief and 

would be unable to frame new plans in a critical moment。  The 

Duke listened quietly and then said:  〃Who will attack the first 

tomorrow  I or Bonaparte?〃  〃Bonaparte;〃 replied Lord Uxbridge。  

〃Well;〃 continued the Duke; 〃Bonaparte has not given me any idea 

of his projects; and as my plans will depend upon his;  how can 

you expect me to tell you what mine are?〃 '1' '



     18。  All warfare is based on deception。



     'The truth of this pithy and profound saying will be 

admitted by every soldier。  Col。  Henderson tells us   that 

Wellington;  great in so many military qualities; was especially 

distinguished by 〃the extraordinary skill with which he concealed 

his movements and deceived both friend and foe。〃'



     19。  Hence; when able to attack; we must seem unable;  when 

using our forces; we must seem inactive; when we are near;  we 

must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away;  we 

must make him believe we are near。

     20。  Hold out baits to entice the enemy。  Feign disorder; 

and crush him。



     'All commentators;  except Chang Yu; say; 〃When he is in 

disorder; crush him。〃  It is more natural to suppose that Sun Tzu 

is still illustrating the uses of deception in war。'



     21。  If he is secure at all points; be prepared for him。  If 

he is in superior strength; evade him。

     22。  If your opponent is of choleric temper;  seek to 

irritate him。  Pretend to be weak; that he may grow arrogant。



     'Wang Tzu;  quoted by Tu Yu; says that the good tactician 

plays with his adversary as a cat plays with a mouse;  first 

feigning weakness and immobility; and then suddenly pouncing upon 

him。'



     23。  If he is taking his ease; give him no rest。



     'This is probably the meaning though Mei Yao…ch‘en has the 

note:  〃while we are taking our ease; wait for the enemy to tire 

himself out。〃  The YU LAN has 〃Lure him on and tire him out。〃'



If his forces are united; separate them。



     'Less plausible is the interpretation favored by most of the 

commentators:   〃If sovereign and subject are in accord;  put 

division between them。〃'



     24。  Attack him where he is unprepared; appear where you are 

not expected。

     25。  These military devices; leading to victory; must not be 

divulged beforehand。

     26。   Now the general who wins a battle makes   many 

calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought。



     'Chang Yu tells us that in ancient times it was customary 

for a temple to be set apart for the use of a general who was 

about to take the field; in order that he might there elaborate 

his plan of campaign。'



The general who loses a battle makes but few calculations 

beforehand。  Thus do many calculations lead to victory; and few 

calculations to defeat:  how much more no calculation at all!  It 

is by attention to this point that I can foresee who is likely to 

win or lose。





'1'  〃Words on Wellington;〃 by Sir。 W。 Fraser。







II。  WAGING WAR





     'Ts‘ao Kung has the note:  〃He who wishes to fight must 

first count the cost;〃 which prepares us for the discovery that 

the subject of the chapter is not what we might expect from the 

title; but is primarily a consideration of ways and means。'



     1。  Sun Tzu said:  In the operations of war; where there are 

in the field a thousand swift chariots; as many heavy chariots; 

and a hundred thousand mail…clad soldiers;



     'The  〃swift chariots〃 were lightly built and; according to 

Chang Yu; used for the attack; the 〃heavy chariots〃 were heavier; 

and designed for purposes of defense。  Li Ch‘uan; it is true; 

says that the latter were light; but this seems hardly probable。  

It is interesting to note the analogies between early Chinese 

warfare and that of the Homeric Greeks。  In each case; the war…

chariot was the important factor; forming as it did the nucleus 

round which was grouped a certain number of foot…soldiers。  With 

regard to the numbers given here; we are informed that each swift 

chariot was accompanied by 75 footmen; and each heavy chariot by 

25 footmen;  so that the whole army would be divided up into a 

thousand battalions;  each consisting of two chariots and a 

hundred men。'



with provisions enough to carry them a thousand LI;



     '2。78 modern LI go to a mile。  The length may have varied 

slightly since Sun Tzu's time。'



the expenditure at home and at the front; including entertainment 

of guests; small items such as glue and paint; and sums spent on 

chariots and armor; will reach the total of a thousand ounces of 

silver per day。  Such is the cost of raising an army of 100;000 

men。

     2。  When you engage in actual fighting; if victory is long 

in coming; then men's weapons will grow dull and their ardor will 

be damped。  If you lay siege to a town; you will exhaust your 

strength。

     3。  Again; if the campaign is protracted; the resources of 

the State will not be equal to the strain。

     4。  Now; when your weapons are dulled; your ardor damped; 

your strength exhausted and your treasure spent; other chieftains 

will spring up to take advantage of your extremity。  Then no man; 

however wise; will be able to avert the consequences that must 

ensue。

     5。  Thus;  though we have heard of stupid haste in war; 

cleverness has never been seen associated with long delays。



     'This concise and difficult sentence is not well explained 

by any of the commentators。  Ts‘ao Kung; Li Ch‘uan; Meng Shih; Tu 

Yu;  Tu Mu and Mei Yao…ch‘en have notes to the effect that a 

general;  though naturally stupid;  may nevertheless   conquer 

through sheer force of rapidity。  Ho Shih says:  〃Haste may be 

stupid;  but at any rate it saves expenditure of energy and 

treasure;  protracted operations may be very clever;  but they 

bring calamity in their train。〃  Wang Hsi evades the difficulty 

by remarking:   〃Lengthy operations mean an army growing old; 

wealth being expended; an empty exchequer and distress among the 

people;  true cleverness insures against the occurrence of such 

calamities。〃   Chang Yu says:   〃So long as victory can be 

attained;  stupid haste is preferable to clever dilatoriness。〃  

Now   Sun   Tzu says nothing whatever;  except   possibly   by 

implication;   about ill…considered haste being better   than 

ingenious but lengthy operations。  What he does say is something 

much more guarded; namely that; while speed may sometimes be 

injudicious;  tardiness can never be anything but foolish   if 

only   because it means impoverishment to the nation。   In 

considering the point raised here by Sun Tzu; the classic example 

of Fabius Cunctator will inevitably occur to the mind。  That 

general deliberately measured the endurance of Rome against that 

of Hannibals's isolated army; because it seemed to him that the 

latter was more likely to suffer from a long campaign in a 

strange country。  But it is quite a moot question whether his 

tactics would have proved successful in the long run。  Their 

reversal it is true; led to Cannae; but this only establishes a 

negative presumption in their favor。'



     6。  There is no instance of a country having benefited from 

prolonged warfare。

     7。  It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the 

evils of war that can thoroughly understand the profitable way of 

carrying it on。



     'That is; with rapidity。  Only one who knows the disastrous 

effects of a long war can realize the supreme importance of 
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