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art of war-第2部分

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undisciplined。〃

     Teng Ming…shih informs us that the surname 〃Sun〃 was 

bestowed on Sun Wu's grandfather by Duke Ching of Ch‘i '547…490 

B。C。'。  Sun Wu's father Sun P‘ing; rose to be a Minister of State 

in Ch‘i; and Sun Wu himself; whose style was Ch‘ang…ch‘ing;  fled 

to Wu on account of the rebellion which was being fomented by the 

kindred of T‘ien Pao。  He had three sons; of whom the second; 

named Ming; was the father of Sun Pin。  According to this account 

then; Pin was the grandson of Wu; which; considering that Sun 

Pin's victory over Wei was gained in 341 B。C。; may be dismissed 

as chronological impossible。  Whence these data were obtained by 

Teng Ming…shih I do not know; but of course no reliance whatever 

can be placed in them。

     An interesting document which has survived from the close of 

the Han period is the short preface written by the Great Ts‘ao 

Ts‘ao; or Wei Wu Ti; for his edition of Sun Tzu。  I shall give it 

in full:  



       I have heard that the ancients used bows and arrows to 

  their advantage。 '10'  The SHU CHU mentions 〃the army〃 among 

  the 〃eight objects of government。〃  The I CHING says:  

  〃'army' indicates firmness and justice;  the experienced 

  leader will have good fortune。〃  The SHIH CHING says:  〃The 

  King rose majestic in his wrath; and he marshaled his 

  troops。〃  The Yellow Emperor; T‘ang the Completer and Wu Wang 

  all used spears and battle…axes in order to succor their 

  generation。  The SSU…MA FA says:  〃If one man slay another of 

  set purpose; he himself may rightfully be slain。〃  He who 

  relies solely on warlike measures shall be exterminated; he 

  who relies solely on peaceful measures shall perish。  

  Instances of this are Fu Ch‘ai '11' on the one hand and Yen 

  Wang on the other。 '12'  In military matters; the Sage's rule 

  is normally to keep the peace; and to move his forces only 

  when occasion requires。  He will not use armed force unless 

  driven to it by necessity。

       Many books have I read on the subject of war and 

  fighting; but the work composed by Sun Wu is the profoundest 

  of them all。  'Sun Tzu was a native of the Ch‘i state;  his 

  personal name was Wu。  He wrote the ART OF WAR in 13 chapters 

  for Ho Lu; King of Wu。  Its principles were tested on women; 

  and he was subsequently made a general。  He led an army 

  westwards;  crushed the Ch‘u state and entered Ying the 

  capital。  In the north; he kept Ch‘i and Chin in awe。  A 

  hundred years and more after his time; Sun Pin lived。 He was 

  a descendant of Wu。' '13'  In his treatment of deliberation 

  and planning; the importance of rapidity in taking the field; 

  '14' clearness of conception; and depth of design;  Sun Tzu 

  stands beyond the reach of carping criticism。  My 

  contemporaries; however; have failed to grasp the full 

  meaning of his instructions; and while putting into practice 

  the smaller details in which his work abounds;  they have 

  overlooked its essential purport。  That is the motive which 

  has led me to outline a rough explanation of the whole。



     One thing to be noticed in the above is the explicit 

statement that the 13 chapters were specially composed for King 

Ho Lu。  This is supported by the internal evidence of I。 ss。 15; 

in which it seems clear that some ruler is addressed。

     In the bibliographic section of the HAN SHU; there is an 

entry which has given rise to much discussion:  〃The works of Sun 

Tzu of Wu in 82 P‘IEN (or chapters); with diagrams in 9 CHUAN。〃  

It is evident that this cannot be merely the 13 chapters known to 

Ssu…ma Ch‘ien;  or those we possess today。  Chang Shou…chieh 

refers to an edition of Sun Tzu's ART OF WAR of which the 〃13 

chapters〃 formed the first CHUAN; adding that there were two 

other CHUAN besides。  This has brought forth a theory; that the 

bulk of these 82 chapters consisted of other writings of Sun Tzu 

  we should call them apocryphal  similar to the WEN TA; of 

which a specimen dealing with the Nine Situations '15' is 

preserved in the T‘UNG TIEN; and another in Ho Shin's commentary。  

It is suggested that before his interview with Ho Lu; Sun Tzu had 

only written the 13 chapters; but afterwards composed a sort of 

exegesis in the form of question and answer between himself and 

the King。  Pi I…hsun; the author of the SUN TZU HSU LU; backs 

this up with a quotation from the WU YUEH CH‘UN CH‘IU:  〃The King 

of Wu summoned Sun Tzu; and asked him questions about the art of 

war。  Each time he set forth a chapter of his work; the King 

could not find words enough to praise him。〃  As he points out; if 

the whole work was expounded on the same scale as in the above…

mentioned fragments; the total number of chapters could not fail 

to be considerable。  Then the numerous other treatises attributed 

to Sun Tzu might be included。  The fact that the HAN CHIH 

mentions no work of Sun Tzu except the 82 P‘IEN; whereas the Sui 

and T‘ang bibliographies give the titles of others in addition to 

the 〃13 chapters;〃 is good proof; Pi I…hsun thinks; that all of 

these were contained in the 82 P‘IEN。  Without pinning our faith 

to the accuracy of details supplied by the WU YUEH CH‘UN CH‘IU; 

or admitting the genuineness of any of the treatises cited by Pi 

I…hsun;  we may see in this theory a probable solution of the 

mystery。  Between Ssu…ma Ch‘ien and Pan Ku there was plenty of 

time for a luxuriant crop of forgeries to have grown up under the 

magic name of Sun Tzu; and the 82 P‘IEN may very well represent a 

collected edition of these lumped together with the original 

work。  It is also possible; though less likely; that some of them 

existed in the time of the earlier historian and were purposely 

ignored by him。 '16'

     Tu Mu's conjecture seems to be based on a passage which 

states:  〃Wei Wu Ti strung together Sun Wu's Art of War;〃 which 

in turn may have resulted from a misunderstanding of the final 

words of Ts‘ao King's preface。  This; as Sun Hsing…yen points 

out; is only a modest way of saying that he made an explanatory 

paraphrase; or in other words; wrote a commentary on it。  On the 

whole; this theory has met with very little acceptance。  Thus;  

the SSU K‘U CH‘UAN SHU says:  〃The mention of the 13 chapters in 

the SHIH CHI shows that they were in existence before the HAN 

CHIH; and that latter accretions are not to be considered part of 

the original work。  Tu Mu's assertion can certainly not be taken 

as proof。〃

     There is every reason to suppose; then; that the 13 chapters 

existed in the time of Ssu…ma Ch‘ien practically as we have them 

now。  That the work was then well known he tells us in so many 

words。  〃Sun Tzu's 13 Chapters and Wu Ch‘i's Art of War are the 

two books that people commonly refer to on the subject of 

military matters。  Both of them are widely distributed; so I will 

not discuss them here。〃  But as we go further back; serious 

difficulties begin to arise。  The salient fact which has to be 

faced is that the TSO CHUAN; the greatest contemporary record; 

makes no mention whatsoever of Sun Wu; either as a general or as 

a writer。  It is natural; in view of this awkward circumstance; 

that many scholars should not only cast doubt on the story of Sun 

Wu as given in the SHIH CHI; but even show themselves frankly 

skeptical as to the existence of the man at all。  The most 

powerful presentment of this side of the case is to be found in 

the following disposition by Yeh Shui…hsin: '17' 



       It is stated in Ssu…ma Ch‘ien's history that Sun Wu was 

  a native of the Ch‘i State; and employed by Wu; and that in 

  the reign of Ho Lu he crushed Ch‘u; entered Ying; and was a 

  great general。  But in Tso's Commentary no Sun Wu appears at 

  all。  It is true that Tso's Commentary need not contain 

  absolutely everything that other histories contain。  But Tso 

  has not omitted to mention vulgar plebeians and hireling 

  ruffians such as Ying K‘ao…shu; '18' Ts‘ao Kuei;  '19';  Chu 

  Chih…wu and Chuan She…chu '20'。  In the case of Sun Wu; whose 

  fame and achievements were so brilliant; the omission is much 

  more glaring。  Again; details are given; in their due order; 

  about his contemporaries Wu Yuan and the Minister P‘ei。  '21'  

  Is it credible that Sun Wu alone should have been passed 

  over?

       In point of literary style; Sun Tzu's work belongs to 

  the same school as KUAN TZU; '22' LIU T‘AO; '23' and the YUEH 

  YU '24' and may have been the production of some private 

  scholar living towards the end of the 〃Spring and Autumn〃 or 

  the beginning of the 〃Warring States〃 period。 '25'  The story 

  that his precepts were actually applied by the Wu State; is 

  merely the outcome of big talk on the part of his followers。

       From the flourishing period of the Chou dynasty '26' 

  down to the time of the 〃Spring and Autumn;〃 all milit
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