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art of war-第24部分

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     37。  To begin by bluster; but afterwards to take fright at 

the enemy's numbers; shows a supreme lack of intelligence。



     'I follow the interpretation of Ts‘ao Kung; also adopted by 

Li Ch‘uan;  Tu Mu; and Chang Yu。  Another possible meaning set 

forth by Tu Yu; Chia Lin; Mei Tao…ch‘en and Wang Hsi; is:   〃The 

general who is first tyrannical towards his men;  and then in 

terror lest they should mutiny; etc。〃  This would connect the 

sentence with what went before about rewards and punishments。'



     38。  When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths; 

it is a sign that the enemy wishes for a truce。



     'Tu Mu says:   〃If the enemy open friendly relations be 

sending hostages;  it is a sign that they are anxious for an 

armistice; either because their strength is exhausted or for some 

other reason。〃   But it hardly needs a Sun Tzu to draw such an 

obvious inference。'



     39。  If the enemy's troops march up angrily and remain 

facing ours for a long time without either joining battle or 

taking themselves off again; the situation is one that demands 

great vigilance and circumspection。



     'Ts‘ao Kung says a maneuver of this sort may be only a ruse 

to gain time for an unexpected flank attack or the laying of an 

ambush。'



     40。  If our troops are no more in number than the enemy; 

that is amply sufficient; it only means that no direct attack can 

be made。



     'Literally;  〃no martial advance。〃  That is to say;  CHENG 

tactics and frontal attacks must be eschewed;  and stratagem 

resorted to instead。'



What we can do is simply to concentrate all our available 

strength;   keep a close watch on the enemy;   and   obtain 

reinforcements。



     'This is an obscure sentence; and none of the commentators 

succeed in squeezing very good sense out of it。  I follow Li 

Ch‘uan; who appears to offer the simplest explanation:  〃Only the 

side that gets more men will win。〃  Fortunately we have Chang Yu 

to expound its meaning to us in language which is lucidity 

itself:   〃When the numbers are even; and no favorable opening 

presents itself; although we may not be strong enough to deliver 

a sustained attack; we can find additional recruits amongst our 

sutlers and camp…followers; and then; concentrating our forces 

and keeping a close watch on the enemy; contrive to snatch the 

victory。  But we must avoid borrowing foreign soldiers to help 

us。〃   He then quotes from Wei Liao Tzu; ch。  3:   〃The nominal 

strength of mercenary troops may be 100;000; but their real value 

will be not more than half that figure。〃'



     41。  He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his 

opponents is sure to be captured by them。



     'Ch‘en Hao; quoting from the TSO CHUAN; says:  〃If bees and 

scorpions carry poison; how much more will a hostile state!  Even 

a puny opponent; then; should not be treated with contempt。〃'



     42。  If soldiers are punished before they have grown 

attached to you; they will not prove submissive;  and;  unless 

submissive;  then will be practically useless。  If;  when the 

soldiers have become attached to you;  punishments are not 

enforced; they will still be unless。

     43。  Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first 

instance with humanity; but kept under control by means of iron 

discipline。



     'Yen Tzu  'B。C。 493' said of Ssu…ma Jang…chu:   〃His civil 

virtues endeared him to the people; his martial prowess kept his 

enemies in awe。〃  Cf。 Wu Tzu; ch。 4 init。:  〃The ideal commander 

unites culture with a warlike temper; the profession of arms 

requires a combination of hardness and tenderness。〃'



This is a certain road to victory。



     44。  If in training soldiers commands are   habitually 

enforced;  the army will be well…disciplined;  if not;   its 

discipline will be bad。

     45。  If a general shows confidence in his men but always 

insists on his orders being obeyed;



     'Tu Mu says:  〃A general ought in time of peace to show 

kindly confidence in his men and also make his authority 

respected;  so that when they come to face the enemy; orders may 

be executed and discipline maintained; because they all trust and 

look up to him。〃  What Sun Tzu has said in ss。 44; however; would 

lead one rather to expect something like this:  〃If a general is 

always confident that his orders will be carried out;〃 etc。〃'



the gain will be mutual。



     'Chang Yu says:  〃The general has confidence in the men 

under his command; and the men are docile; having confidence in 

him。  Thus the gain is mutual〃  He quotes a pregnant sentence 

from Wei Liao Tzu; ch。 4:  〃The art of giving orders is not to 

try to rectify minor blunders and not to be swayed by petty 

doubts。〃   Vacillation and fussiness are the surest means of 

sapping the confidence of an army。'





'1'  〃Aids to Scouting;〃 p。 26。







X。  TERRAIN





     'Only about a third of the chapter; comprising ss。 ss。 1…13; 

deals with 〃terrain;〃 the subject being more fully treated in ch。 

XI。  The  〃six calamities〃 are discussed in SS。 14…20;  and the 

rest of the chapter is again a mere string of desultory remarks; 

though not less interesting; perhaps; on that account。'



     1。  Sun Tzu said:  We may distinguish six kinds of terrain; 

to wit:  (1)  Accessible ground;



     'Mei Yao…ch‘en says:  〃plentifully provided with roads and 

means of communications。〃'



(2)  entangling ground;



     'The same commentator says:  〃Net…like country;  venturing 

into which you become entangled。〃'



(3)  temporizing ground;



     'Ground which allows you to 〃stave off〃 or 〃delay。〃'



(4)  narrow passes; (5)  precipitous heights; (6) positions at a 

great distance from the enemy。



     'It is hardly necessary to point out the faultiness of this 

classification。  A strange lack of logical perception is shown in 

the   Chinaman's unquestioning acceptance of glaring   cross…

divisions such as the above。'



     2。  Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is 

called ACCESSIBLE。

     3。  With regard to ground of this nature;  be before the 

enemy in occupying the raised and sunny spots;  and carefully 

guard your line of supplies。



     'The general meaning of the last phrase is doubtlessly;  as 

Tu Yu says; 〃not to allow the enemy to cut your communications。〃  

In view of Napoleon's dictum; 〃the secret of war lies in the 

communications;〃  '1'  we could wish that Sun Tzu had done more 

than skirt the edge of this important subject here and in I。  ss。 

10;  VII。 ss。 11。  Col。 Henderson says:  〃The line of supply may 

be said to be as vital to the existence of an army as the heart 

to the life of a human being。  Just as the duelist who finds his 

adversary's point menacing him with certain death; and his own 

guard astray;  is compelled to conform to his   adversary's 

movements;  and to content himself with warding off his thrusts; 

so the commander whose communications are suddenly threatened 

finds himself in a false position; and he will be fortunate if he 

has not to change all his plans; to split up his force into more 

or less isolated detachments; and to fight with inferior numbers 

on ground which he has not had time to prepare; and where defeat 

will not be an ordinary failure; but will entail the ruin or 

surrender of his whole army。〃 '2'



Then you will be able to fight with advantage。

     4。  Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re…occupy 

is called ENTANGLING。

     5。  From a position of this sort;  if the enemy   is 

unprepared; you may sally forth and defeat him。  But if the enemy 

is prepared for your coming; and you fail to defeat him;  then; 

return being impossible; disaster will ensue。

     6。  When the position is such that neither side will gain by 

making the first move; it is called TEMPORIZING ground。



     'Tu Mu says:  〃Each side finds it inconvenient to move;  and 

the situation remains at a deadlock。〃'



     7。  In a position of this sort; even though the enemy should 

offer us an attractive bait;



     'Tu Yu says; 〃turning their backs on us and pretending to 

flee。〃   But this is only one of the lures which might induce us 

to quit our position。'



it will be advisable not to stir forth; but rather to retreat; 

thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then; when part of his army 

has come out; we may deliver our attack with advantage。

     8。  With regard to NARROW PASSES; if you can occupy them 

first;  let them be strongly garrisoned and await the advent of 

the enemy。



     'Because then; as Tu Yu observes; 〃the initiative will lie 

with us;  and by making sudden and unexpected attacks we shall 

have the enemy at our mercy。〃'



     9。  Should the army forestall you in occupying a pass;  do 

not go after him if the pass is fully garrisoned
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