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art of war-第30部分

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     37。  By altering his arrangements and changing his plans;



     'Wang Hsi thinks that this means not using the same 

stratagem twice。'



he keeps the enemy without definite knowledge。



     'Chang Yu;  in a quotation from another work;  says:   〃The 

axiom;  that war is based on deception; does not apply only to 

deception of the enemy。  You must deceive even your own soldiers。  

Make them follow you; but without letting them know why。〃'



By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes;  he prevents 

the enemy from anticipating his purpose。

     38。  At the critical moment; the leader of an army acts like 

one who has climbed up a height and then kicks away the ladder 

behind him。  He carries his men deep into hostile territory 

before he shows his hand。



     'Literally; 〃releases the spring〃 (see V。 ss。 15); that is; 

takes some decisive step which makes it impossible for the army 

to returnlike Hsiang Yu; who sunk his ships after crossing a 

river。  Ch‘en Hao; followed by Chia Lin; understands the words 

less well as 〃puts forth every artifice at his command。〃'



     39。  He burns his boats and breaks his cooking…pots; like a 

shepherd driving a flock of sheep; he drives his men this way and 

that; and nothing knows whither he is going。



     'Tu Mu says:   〃The army is only cognizant of orders to 

advance or retreat;  it is ignorant of the ulterior ends of 

attacking and conquering。〃'



     40。  To muster his host and bring it into danger:this may 

be termed the business of the general。



     'Sun Tzu means that after mobilization there should be no 

delay in aiming a blow at the enemy's heart。  Note how he returns 

again and again to this point。  Among the warring states of 

ancient China; desertion was no doubt a much more present fear 

and serious evil than it is in the armies of today。'



     41。  The different measures suited to the nine varieties of 

ground;



     'Chang Yu says:  〃One must not be hide…bound in interpreting 

the rules for the nine varieties of ground。'



the expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics;  and the 

fundamental laws of human nature:  these are things that must 

most certainly be studied。

     42。  When invading hostile territory; the general principle 

is;  that penetrating deeply brings cohesion; penetrating but a 

short way means dispersion。



     'Cf。 supra; ss。 20。'



     43。  When you leave your own country behind; and take your 

army across neighborhood territory; you find yourself on critical 

ground。



     'This 〃ground〃 is curiously mentioned in VIII。 ss。 2; but it 

does not figure among the Nine Situations or the Six Calamities 

in chap。 X。  One's first impulse would be to translate it distant 

ground;〃 but this; if we can trust the commentators; is precisely 

what is not meant here。  Mei Yao…ch‘en says it is 〃a position not 

far enough advanced to be called 'facile;' and not near enough to 

home to be 'dispersive;' but something between the two。〃  Wang Hsi 

says:  〃It is ground separated from home by an interjacent state; 

whose territory we have had to cross in order to reach it。  

Hence;  it is incumbent on us to settle our business there 

quickly。〃   He adds that this position is of rare occurrence; 

which is the reason why it is not included among the Nine 

Situations。'



When there are means of communication on all four sides;  the 

ground is one of intersecting highways。

     44。  When you penetrate deeply into a country; it is serious 

ground。  When you penetrate but a little way;  it is facile 

ground。

     45。  When you have the enemy's strongholds on your rear; and 

narrow passes in front; it is hemmed…in ground。  When there is no 

place of refuge at all; it is desperate ground。

     46。  Therefore; on dispersive ground; I would inspire my men 

with unity of purpose。



     'This end; according to Tu Mu; is best attained by remaining 

on the defensive; and avoiding battle。  Cf。 supra; ss。 11。'



On facile ground; I would see that there is close connection 

between all parts of my army。



     'As Tu Mu says; the object is to guard against two possible 

contingencies:   〃(1)  the desertion of our own troops;  (2)  a 

sudden attack on the part of the enemy。〃  Cf。 VII。 ss。 17。  Mei 

Yao…ch‘en says:  〃On the march; the regiments should be in close 

touch;  in an encampment; there should be continuity between the 

fortifications。〃'



     47。  On contentious ground; I would hurry up my rear。



     'This is Ts‘ao Kung's interpretation。  Chang Yu adopts it; 

saying:   〃We must quickly bring up our rear; so that head and 

tail may both reach the goal。〃  That is; they must not be allowed 

to straggle up a long way apart。  Mei Yao…ch‘en offers another 

equally plausible explanation:  〃Supposing the enemy has not yet 

reached the coveted position; and we are behind him;  we should 

advance with all speed in order to dispute its possession。〃  

Ch‘en Hao;  on the other hand; assuming that the enemy has had 

time to select his own ground; quotes VI。 ss。 1; where Sun Tzu 

warns us against coming exhausted to the attack。  His own idea of 

the situation is rather vaguely expressed:   〃If there is a 

favorable position lying in front of you; detach a picked body of 

troops to occupy it; then if the enemy; relying on their numbers; 

come up to make a fight for it; you may fall quickly on their 

rear with your main body; and victory will be assured。〃  It was 

thus;  he adds; that Chao She beat the army of Ch‘in。  (See p。 

57。)'



     48。  On open ground; I would keep a vigilant eye on my 

defenses。   On   ground of intersecting highways;   I   would 

consolidate my alliances。

     49。  On serious ground; I would try to ensure a continuous 

stream of supplies。



     'The commentators take this as referring to forage and 

plunder;  not; as one might expect; to an unbroken communication 

with a home base。'



On difficult ground; I would keep pushing on along the road。

     50。  On hemmed…in ground; I would block any way of retreat。



     'Meng Shih says:  〃To make it seem that I meant to defend 

the position;  whereas my real intention is to burst suddenly 

through the enemy's lines。〃  Mei Yao…ch‘en says:  〃in order to 

make my soldiers fight with desperation。〃   Wang Hsi says; 

〃fearing lest my men be tempted to run away。〃  Tu Mu points out 

that this is the converse of VII。 ss。 36; where it is the enemy 

who is surrounded。  In 532 A。D。; Kao Huan; afterwards Emperor and 

canonized as Shen…wu; was surrounded by a great army under Erh…

chu Chao and others。  His own force was comparatively small; 

consisting only of 2000 horse and something under 30;000 foot。  

The lines of investment had not been drawn very closely together; 

gaps being left at certain points。  But Kao Huan;  instead of 

trying to escape;  actually made a shift to block all the 

remaining outlets himself by driving into them a number of oxen 

and donkeys roped together。  As soon as his officers and men saw 

that there was nothing for it but to conquer or die;  their 

spirits rose to an extraordinary pitch of exaltation;  and they 

charged with such desperate ferocity that the opposing ranks 

broke and crumbled under their onslaught。'



On desperate ground;  I would proclaim to my soldiers the 

hopelessness of saving their lives。



     Tu Yu says:  〃Burn your baggage and impedimenta; throw away 

your stores and provisions; choke up the wells;  destroy your 

cooking…stoves;  and make it plain to your men that they cannot 

survive; but must fight to the death。〃  Mei Yao…ch‘en says:  〃The 

only chance of life lies in giving up all hope of it。〃   This 

concludes what Sun Tzu has to say about  〃grounds〃  and the 

〃variations〃 corresponding to them。  Reviewing the passages which 

bear on this important subject; we cannot fail to be struck by 

the desultory and unmethodical fashion in which it is treated。  

Sun Tzu begins abruptly in VIII。 ss。 2 to enumerate  〃variations〃 

before touching on 〃grounds〃 at all; but only mentions five; 

namely nos。 7; 5; 8 and 9 of the subsequent list; and one that is 

not included in it。  A few varieties of ground are dealt with in 

the earlier portion of chap。 IX; and then chap。 X sets forth six 

new grounds; with six variations of plan to match。  None of these 

is   mentioned   again;  though the first is hardly   to   be 

distinguished from ground no。 4 in the next chapter。  At last; in 

chap。 XI; we come to the Nine Grounds par excellence; immediately 

followed by the variations。  This takes us down to ss。  14。  In 

SS。 43…45; fresh definitions are provided for nos。 5; 6; 2; 8 and 

9  (in the order given); as well as for the tenth ground noticed 

in chap。 VIII; and finally; the nine variations are enumerated 

once more from beginning to end; all; with the exception of 5;  6 

and
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