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art of war-第5部分

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these early transcripts of Sun Tzu can hardly be overestimated。  

Yet the idea of utilizing them does not seem to have occurred to 

anyone until Sun Hsing…yen; acting under Government instructions; 

undertook a thorough recension of the text。  This is his own 

account: 



       Because of the numerous mistakes in the text of Sun Tzu 

  which his editors had handed down; the Government ordered 

  that the ancient edition 'of Chi T‘ien…pao' should be used; 

  and that the text should be revised and corrected throughout。  

  It happened that Wu Nien…hu; the Governor Pi Kua; and Hsi;  a 

  graduate of the second degree; had all devoted themselves to 

  this study; probably surpassing me therein。  Accordingly;  I 

  have had the whole work cut on blocks as a textbook for 

  military men。



     The three individuals here referred to had evidently been 

occupied on the text of Sun Tzu prior to Sun Hsing…yen's 

commission;  but we are left in doubt as to the work they really 

accomplished。  At any rate; the new edition;  when ultimately 

produced; appeared in the names of Sun Hsing…yen and only one co…

editor Wu Jen…shi。  They took the 〃original edition〃  as their 

basis; and by careful comparison with older versions; as well as 

the extant commentaries and other sources of information such as 

the I SHUO;  succeeded in restoring a very large number of 

doubtful passages;  and turned out; on the whole; what must be 

accepted as the closes approximation we are ever likely to get to 

Sun Tzu's original work。  This is what will hereafter be 

denominated the 〃standard text。〃

     The copy which I have used belongs to a reissue dated 1877。  

it is in 6 PEN; forming part of a well…printed set of 23 early 

philosophical works in 83 PEN。 '38'  It opens with a preface by 

Sun Hsing…yen (largely quoted in this introduction);  vindicating 

the traditional view of Sun Tzu's life and performances;  and 

summing up in remarkably concise fashion the evidence in its 

favor。  This is followed by Ts‘ao Kung's preface to his edition; 

and the biography of Sun Tzu from the SHIH CHI; both translated 

above。  Then come; firstly; Cheng Yu…hsien's I SHUO;  '39'  with 

author's preface; and next; a short miscellany of historical and 

bibliographical information entitled SUN TZU HSU LU; compiled by 

Pi I…hsun。  As regards the body of the work;  each separate 

sentence is followed by a note on the text; if required; and then 

by the various commentaries appertaining to it;  arranged in 

chronological order。  These we shall now proceed to discuss 

briefly; one by one。





The Commentators







     Sun Tzu can boast an exceptionally long distinguished roll 

of commentators; which would do honor to any classic。  Ou…yang 

Hsiu remarks on this fact; though he wrote before the tale was 

complete;  and rather ingeniously explains it by saying that the 

artifices   of war;  being inexhaustible;  must therefore   be 

susceptible of treatment in a great variety of ways。



     1。  TS‘AO TS‘AO or Ts‘ao Kung; afterwards known as Wei Wu Ti 

'A。D。  155…220'。  There is hardly any room for doubt that the 

earliest commentary on Sun Tzu actually came from the pen of this 

extraordinary man; whose biography in the SAN KUO CHIH reads like 

a romance。  One of the greatest military geniuses that the world 

has seen; and Napoleonic in the scale of his operations; he was 

especially famed for the marvelous rapidity of his marches; which 

has found expression in the line 〃Talk of Ts‘ao Ts‘ao; and Ts‘ao 

Ts‘ao will appear。〃  Ou…yang Hsiu says of him that he was a great 

captain who 〃measured his strength against Tung Cho; Lu Pu and 

the two Yuan; father and son; and vanquished them all;  whereupon 

he divided the Empire of Han with Wu and Shu; and made himself 

king。  It is recorded that whenever a council of war was held by 

Wei on the eve of a far…reaching campaign;  he had all his 

calculations ready; those generals who made use of them did not 

lose one battle in ten; those who ran counter to them in any 

particular saw their armies incontinently beaten and put to 

flight。〃   Ts‘ao Kung's notes on Sun Tzu;  models of austere 

brevity; are so thoroughly characteristic of the stern commander 

known to history; that it is hard indeed to conceive of them as 

the work of a mere LITTERATEUR。  Sometimes;  indeed;  owing to 

extreme compression; they are scarcely intelligible and stand no 

less in need of a commentary than the text itself。 '40'



     2。  MENG SHIH。  The commentary which has come down to us 

under this name is comparatively meager; and nothing about the 

author is known。  Even his personal name has not been recorded。  

Chi T‘ien…pao's edition places him after Chia Lin;and Ch‘ao Kung…

wu also assigns him to the T‘ang dynasty; '41' but this is a 

mistake。  In Sun Hsing…yen's preface; he appears as Meng Shih of 

the Liang dynasty '502…557'。  Others would identify him with Meng 

K‘ang of the 3rd century。  He is named in one work as the last of 

the 〃Five Commentators;〃 the others being Wei Wu Ti; Tu Mu; Ch‘en 

Hao and Chia Lin。



     3。  LI CH‘UAN of the 8th century was a well…known writer on 

military tactics。  One of his works has been in constant use down 

to the present day。  The T‘UNG CHIH mentions 〃Lives of famous 

generals from the Chou to the T‘ang dynasty〃 as written by him。 

'42'  According to Ch‘ao Kung…wu and the T‘IEN…I…KO catalogue; he 

followed a variant of the text of Sun Tzu which differs 

considerably from those now extant。  His notes are mostly short 

and to the point; and he frequently illustrates his remarks by 

anecdotes from Chinese history。



     4。  TU YU (died 812) did not publish a separate commentary 

on Sun Tzu;  his notes being taken from the T‘UNG TIEN;  the 

encyclopedic treatise on the Constitution which was his life…

work。  They are largely repetitions of Ts‘ao Kung and Meng Shih; 

besides which it is believed that he drew on the ancient 

commentaries of Wang Ling and others。  Owing to the peculiar 

arrangement of T‘UNG TIEN; he has to explain each passage on its 

merits; apart from the context; and sometimes his own explanation 

does not agree with that of Ts‘ao Kung; whom he always quotes 

first。  Though not strictly to be reckoned as one of the  〃Ten 

Commentators;〃  he was added to their number by Chi T‘ien…pao; 

being wrongly placed after his grandson Tu Mu。



     5。  TU MU (803…852) is perhaps the best known as a poet  a 

bright star even in the glorious galaxy of the T‘ang period。  We 

learn from Ch‘ao Kung…wu that although he had no practical 

experience of war;  he was extremely fond of discussing the 

subject;  and was moreover well read in the military history of 

the CH‘UN CH‘IU and CHAN KUO eras。  His notes;  therefore;  are 

well worth attention。  They are very copious; and replete with 

historical parallels。  The gist of Sun Tzu's work is thus 

summarized by him:  〃Practice benevolence and justice; but on the 

other hand make full use of artifice and measures of expediency。〃  

He further declared that all the military triumphs and disasters 

of the thousand years which had elapsed since Sun Tzu's death 

would;  upon examination; be found to uphold and corroborate;  in 

every particular;  the maxims contained in his book。  Tu Mu's 

somewhat spiteful charge against Ts‘ao Kung has already been 

considered elsewhere。



     6。  CH‘EN HAO appears to have been a contemporary of Tu Mu。  

Ch‘ao Kung…wu says that he was impelled to write a new commentary 

on Sun Tzu because Ts‘ao Kung's on the one hand was too obscure 

and subtle; and that of Tu Mu on the other too long…winded and 

diffuse。  Ou…yang Hsiu;  writing in the middle of the 11th 

century;  calls Ts‘ao Kung; Tu Mu and Ch‘en Hao the three chief 

commentators on Sun Tzu;  and observes that Ch‘en Hao   is 

continually attacking Tu Mu's shortcomings。  His commentary; 

though not lacking in merit; must rank below those of his 

predecessors。



     7。  CHIA LIN is known to have lived under the T‘ang dynasty; 

for his commentary on Sun Tzu is mentioned in the T‘ang Shu and 

was afterwards republished by Chi Hsieh of the same dynasty 

together with those of Meng Shih and Tu Yu。  It is of somewhat 

scanty texture; and in point of quality; too; perhaps the least 

valuable of the eleven。



     8。  MEI YAO…CH‘EN (1002…1060); commonly known by his 〃style〃 

as Mei Sheng…yu; was; like Tu Mu; a poet of distinction。  His 

commentary was published with a laudatory preface by the great 

Ou…yang Hsiu; from which we may cull the following: 



       Later scholars have misread Sun Tzu;  distorting his 

  words and trying to make them square with their own one…sided 

  views。  Thus; though commentators have not been lacking; only 

  a few have proved equal to the task。  My friend Sheng…yu has 

  not fallen into this mistake。  In attempting to pro
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