carmen-第14部分

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heir　chief　virtue　is　their　patriotismif　we　may　thus　describe　the　fidelity　they　observe　in　all　their　relations　with　persons　of　the　same　origin　as　their　own；　their　readiness　to　help　one　another；　and　the　inviolable　secrecy　which　they　keep　for　each　other's　benefit；　in　all　compromising　matters。　And　indeed　something　of　the　same　sort　may　be　noticed　in　all　mysterious　associations　which　are　beyond　the　pale　of　the　law。

*　　　It　has　struck　me　that　the　German　gipsies；　though　they　thoroughly　　　　　understand　the　word　/cale/；　do　not　care　to　be　called　by　that　name。　　　　　Among　themselves　they　always　use　the　designation　/Romane　tchave/。

Some　months　ago；　I　paid　a　visit　to　a　gipsy　tribe　in　the　Vosges　country。　In　the　hut　of　an　old　woman；　the　oldest　member　of　the　tribe；　I　found　a　gipsy；　in　no　way　related　to　the　family；　who　was　sick　of　a　mortal　disease。　The　man　had　left　a　hospital；　where　he　was　well　cared　for；　so　that　he　might　die　among　his　own　people。　For　thirteen　weeks　he　had　been　lying　in　bed　in　their　encampment；　and　receiving　far　better　treatment　than　any　of　the　sons　and　sons…in…law　who　shared　his　shelter。　He　had　a　good　bed　made　of　straw　and　moss；　and　sheets　that　were　tolerably　white；　whereas　all　the　rest　of　the　family；　which　numbered　eleven　persons；　slept　on　planks　three　feet　long。　So　much　for　their　hospitality。　This　very　same　woman；　humane　as　was　her　treatment　of　her　guest　said　to　me　constantly　before　the　sick　man：　〃/Singo；　singo；　homte　hi　mulo/。〃　〃Soon；　soon　he　must　die！〃　After　all；　these　people　live　such　miserable　lives；　that　a　reference　to　the　approach　of　death　can　have　no　terrors　for　them。

One　remarkable　feature　in　the　gipsy　character　is　their　indifference　about　religion。　Not　that　they　are　strong…minded　or　sceptical。　They　have　never　made　any　profession　of　atheism。　Far　from　that；　indeed；　the　religion　of　the　country　which　they　inhabit　is　always　theirs；　but　they　change　their　religion　when　they　change　the　country　of　their　residence。　They　are　equally　free　from　the　superstitions　which　replace　religious　feeling　in　the　minds　of　the　vulgar。　How；　indeed；　can　superstition　exist　among　a　race　which；　as　a　rule；　makes　its　livelihood　out　of　the　credulity　of　others？　Nevertheless；　I　have　remarked　a　particular　horror　of　touching　a　corpse　among　the　Spanish　gipsies。　Very　few　of　these　could　be　induced　to　carry　a　dead　man　to　his　grave；　even　if　they　were　paid　for　it。

I　have　said　that　most　gipsy　women　undertake　to　tell　fortunes。　They　do　this　very　successfully。　But　they　find　a　much　greater　source　of　profit　in　the　sale　of　charms　and　love…philters。　Not　only　do　they　supply　toads'　claws　to　hold　fickle　hearts；　and　powdered　loadstone　to　kindle　love　in　cold　ones；　but　if　necessity　arises；　they　can　use　mighty　incantations；　which　force　the　devil　to　lend　them　his　aid。　Last　year　the　following　story　was　related　to　me　by　a　Spanish　lady。　She　was　walking　one　day　along　the　/Calle　d'Alcala/；　feeling　very　sad　and　anxious。　A　gipsy　woman　who　was　squatting　on　the　pavement　called　out　to　her；　〃My　pretty　lady；　your　lover　has　played　you　false！〃　（It　was　quite　true。）　〃Shall　I　get　him　back　for　you？〃　My　readers　will　imagine　with　what　joy　the　proposal　was　accepted；　and　how　complete　was　the　confidence　inspired　by　a　person　who　could　thus　guess　the　inmost　secrets　of　the　heart。　As　it　would　have　been　impossible　to　proceed　to　perform　the　operations　of　magic　in　the　most　crowded　street　in　Madrid；　a　meeting　was　arranged　for　the　next　day。　〃Nothing　will　be　easier　than　to　bring　back　the　faithless　one　to　your　feet！〃　said　the　gitana。　〃Do　you　happen　to　have　a　handkerchief；　a　scarf；　or　a　mantilla；　that　he　gave　you？〃　A　silken　scarf　was　handed　her。　〃Now　sew　a　piastre　into　one　corner　of　the　scarf　with　crimson　silksew　half　a　piastre　into　another　cornersew　a　peseta　hereand　a　two…real　piece　there；　then；　in　the　middle　you　must　sew　a　gold　coina　doubloon　would　be　best。〃　The　doubloon　and　all　the　other　coins　were　duly　sewn　in。　〃Now　give　me　the　scarf；　and　I'll　take　it　to　the　Campo　Santo　when　midnight　strikes。　You　come　along　with　me；　if　you　want　to　see　a　fine　piece　of　witchcraft。　I　promise　you　shall　see　the　man　you　love　to…morrow！〃　The　gipsy　departed　alone　for　the　Campo　Santo；　since　my　Spanish　friend　was　too　much　afraid　of　witchcraft　to　go　there　with　her。　I　leave　my　readers　to　guess　whether　my　poor　forsaken　lady　ever　saw　her　lover；　or　her　scarf；　again。

In　spite　of　their　poverty　and　the　sort　of　aversion　they　inspire；　the　gipsies　are　treated　with　a　certain　amount　of　consideration　by　the　more　ignorant　folk；　and　they　are　very　proud　of　it。　They　feel　themselves　to　be　a　superior　race　as　regards　intelligence；　and　they　heartily　despise　the　people　whose　hospitality　they　enjoy。　〃These　Gentiles　are　so　stupid；〃　said　one　of　the　Vosges　gipsies　to　me；　〃that　there　is　no　credit　in　taking　them　in。　The　other　day　a　peasant　woman　called　out　to　me　in　the　street。　I　went　into　her　house。　Her　stove　smoked　and　she　asked　me　to　give　her　a　charm　to　cure　it。　First　of　all　I　made　her　give　me　a　good　bit　of　bacon；　and　then　I　began　to　mumble　a　few　words　in　/Romany/。　'You're　a　fool；'　I　said；　'you　were　born　a　fool；　and　you'll　die　a　fool！'　When　I　had　got　near　the　door　I　said　to　her；　in　good　German；　'The　most　certain　way　of　keeping　your　stove　from　smoking　is　not　to　light　any　fire　in　it！'　and　then　I　took　to　my　heels。〃

The　history　of　the　gipsies　is　still　a　problem。　We　know；　indeed；　that　their　first　bands；　which　were　few　and　far　between；　appeared　in　Eastern　Europe　towards　the　beginning　of　the　fifteenth　century。　But　nobody　can　tell　whence　they　started；　or　why　they　came　to　Europe；　and；　what　is　still　more　extraordinary；　no　one　knows　how　they　multiplied；　within　a　short　time；　and　in　so　prodigious　a　fashion；　and　in　several　countries；　all　very　remote　from　each　other。　The　gipsies　themselves　have　preserved　no　tradition　whatsoever　as　to　their　origin；　and　though　most　of　them　do　speak　of　Egypt　as　their　original　fatherland；　that　is　only　because　they　have　adopted　a　very　ancient　fable　respecting　their　race。

Most　of　the　Orientalists　who　have　studied　the　gipsy　language　believe　that　the　cradle　of　the　race　was　in　India。　It　appears；　in　fact；　that　many　of　the　roots　and　grammatical　forms　of　the　/Romany/　tongue　are　to　be　found　in　idioms　derived　from　the　Sanskrit。　As　may　be　imagined；　the　gipsies；　during　their　long　wanderings；　have　adopted　many　foreign　words。　In　every　/Romany/　dialect　a　number　of　Greek　words　appear。

At　the　present　day　the　gipsies　have　almost　as　many　dialects　as　there　are　separate　hordes　of　their　race。　Everywhere；　they　speak　the　language　of　the　country　they　inhabit　more　easily　than　their　own　idiom；　which　they　seldom　use；　except　with　the　object　of　conversing　freely　before　strangers。　A　comparison　of　the　dialect　of　the　German　gipsies　with　that　used　by　the　Spanish　gipsies；　who　have　held　no　communication　with　each　other　for　several　centuries；　reveals　the　existence　of　a　great　number　of　words　common　to　both。　But　everywhere　the　original　language　is　notably　affected；　though　in　different　degrees；　by　its　contact　with　the　more　cultivated　languages　into　the　use　of　which　the　nomads　have　been　forced。　German　in　one　case　and　Spanish　in　the　other　have　so　modified　the　/Romany/　groundwork　that　it　would　not　be　possible　for　a　gipsy　from　the　Black　Forest　to　converse　with　one　of　his　Andalusian　brothers；　although　a　few　sentences　on　each　side　would　suffice　to　convince　them　that　each　was　speaking　a　dialect　of　the　same　language。　Certain　words　in　very　frequent　use　are；　I　believe；　common　to　every　dialect。　Thus；　in　every　vocabulary　which　I　have　been　able　to　consult；　/pani/　means　water；　/manro/　means　bread；　/mas/　stands　for　meat；　and　/lon/　for　salt。

The　nouns　of　number　are　almost　the　same　in　every　case。　The　German　dialect　seems　to　me　much　purer　than　the　Spanish；　for　it　has　preserved　numbers　of　the　primitive　grammatical　forms；　whereas　the　Gitanos　have　adopted　those　of　the　Castilian　tongue。　Nevertheless；　some　words　are　an　exception；　as　though　to　prove　that　the　language　was　originally　common　to　all。　The　preterite　of　the　German　dialect　is　formed　by　adding　/ium/　to　the　imperative；　which　is　always　the　root　of　the　verb。　In　the　Spanish　/Romany/　the　verbs　are　all　conjugated　on　the　model　of　the　first　conjugation　of　the　Castilian　verbs。　From　/jamar/；　the　infinitive　of　〃to　eat；〃　the　regular　conjugation　should　be　/jame/；　〃I　have　eaten。〃　From　/lillar/；　〃to　take；〃　/lille/；　〃I　have　taken。〃　Yet；　some　old　gipsies　say；　as　an　exception；　/jayon/　and　/lillon/。　I　am　not　acquainted　with　any　other　verbs　which　have　preserved　this　ancient　form。

While　I　am　thus　showing　off　my　small　acquaintance　with　the　/Romany/　language；　I　must　notice　a　few　words　of　French　slang　which　our　thieves　have　borrowed　from　the　gipsies。　From　/Les　Mysteres　de　Paris/　honest　folk　have　learned　that　the　word　/chourin/　means　〃a　knife。〃　This　is　pure　/Romany//tchouri/　is　one　of　the　words　which　is　common　to　every　dialect。　Monsieur　Vidocq　calls　a　horse　/gres/this　again　is　a　gipsy　word/gras/；　/gre/；　/graste/；　and　/gris/。　Add　to　this　the　word　/romanichel/；　by　which　the　gipsies　are　described　in　Parisian　slang。　This　is　a　corruption　of　/romane　tchave/〃gipsy　lads。〃　But　a　piece　of　etymology　of　which　I　am　really　proud　is　that　of　the　word　/frimousse/；　〃face；〃　〃countenance〃a　word　which　every　schoolboy　uses；　or　did　use；　in　my　time。　Note；　in　the　first　place；　the　Oudi