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the cavalry general(骑兵队长)-第7部分

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     The best safeguard against failure in any attempt to enforce pursuit or 

conduct a retreat lies in a thorough knowledge of your horse's powers。'2' 

But how is this experience to be got? Simply by paying attention to their 

behaviour in the peaceable manouvres of the sham fight; when there is no 

real   enemy   to   intervenehow   the   animals   come   off;   in   fact;   and   what 

stamina they show in the various charges and retreats。 

     '2' {empeiria}; 〃empirical knowledge。〃 

     Or suppose the problem is to make your cavalry appear numerous。 In 

the first place; let it be a fundamental rule; if possible; not to attempt to 



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delude     the   enemy     at  close   quarters;   distance;    as  it  aids  illusion;   will 

promote security。 The next point is to bear in mind that a mob of horses 

clustered     together    (owing     perhaps    to   the  creatures'    size)   will  give   a 

suggestion of number; whereas scattered they may easily be counted。 

     Another means by which you may give your troop an appearance of 

numerical strength beyond reality consists in posting; in and out between 

the    troopers;   so   many    lines   of  grooms'3'     who    should    carry   lances    if 

possible; or staves at any rate to look like lancesa plan which will serve 

alike   whether   you   mean   to   display   your   cavalry   force   at   the   halt   or   are 

deploying to increase front; in either case; obviously the bulk and volume 

of the force; whatever your formation; will appear increased。 Conversely; 

if   the   problem   be   to   make   large   numbers   appear   small;   supposing   you 

have ground at command adapted to concealment; the thing is simple: by 

leaving   a   portion   of   your   men   exposed   and   hiding   away   a   portion   in 

obscurity;     you   may    effect   your   object。'4'    But   if  the   ground    nowhere 

admits of cover; your best course is to form your files'5' into ranks one 

behind the other; and wheel them round so as to leave intervals between 

each file; the troopers nearest the enemy in each file will keep their lances 

erect; and the rest low enough not to show above。 

     '3'   Cf。   Polyaen。   II。   i。   17;   of Agesilaus   in   Macedonia;   394   B。C。   (our 

author was probably present); IV。 iv。 3; of Antipater in Thessaly;                         323 

B。C。 

     '4' Lit。 〃steal your troopers。〃 See 〃Cyrop。〃 V。 iv。 48。 

     '5'   Lit。   〃form   your   decads   (squads   of   ten;   cf。   our   'fours')   in   ranks 

and deploy with intervals。〃 

     To come to the next topic: you may work on the enemy's fears by the 

various      devices     of   mock      ambuscades;       sham      relief   parties;    false 

information。 Conversely; his confidence will reach an overweening pitch; 

if the idea gets abroad that his opponents have troubles of their own and 

little leisure for offensive operations。 

     But    over    and    beyond     all  that   can    be   written    on   the   subject 

inventiveness is   a   personal   matter;  beyond   all   formulasthe true   general 

must be able to take in; deceive; decoy; delude his adversary at every turn; 

as the particular occasion demands。 In fact; there is no instrument of war 



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more cunning than chicanery;'6' which is not surprising when one reflects 

that even little boys; when playing; 〃How many (marbles) have I got in my 

hand?〃'7' are able to take one another in successfully。 Out goes a clenched 

fist;   but   with   such   cunning   that   he   who   holds   a   few   is   thought   to   hold 

several; or he may present several and appear to be holding only a few。 Is 

it likely that a grown man; giving his whole mind to methods of chicanery; 

will   fail   of   similar   inventiveness?   Indeed;   when   one   comes   to   consider 

what is meant by advantages snatched in war; one will find; i think; that 

the greater part of them; and those the more important; must be attributed 

in some way or other to displays of craft;'8' which things being so; a man 

had better either not attempt to exercise command; or; as part and parcel of 

his general equipment; let him pray to Heaven to enable him to exercise 

this faculty and be at pains himself to cultivate his own inventiveness。 

     '6' Cf。 〃Cyrop。〃 IV。 ii。 26; VII。 i。 18。 

     '7'   {posinda};   lit。   〃How   many?〃   (i。e。   dice;   nuts;   marbles;   etc。);   cf。 

the   old   game;   〃Buck!   buck!   how   many   horns   do   I   hold   up?〃   Schneid。 

cf。 Aristot。 〃Rhet。〃iii。 5。 4。 

     '8' 〃Have been won in connection with craft。〃 See 〃Cyrop。〃 I。 vi。 32; 

〃Mem。〃 III。 i。 6; IV。 ii。 15。 

     A   general;   who   has   access   to   the   sea;   may   exercise   the   faculty   as 

follows: he may either; whilst apparently engaged in fitting out his vessels; 

strike   a   blow    on   land;'9'   or   with   a   make…believe      of   some    aggressive 

design by land; hazard an adventure by sea。'10' 

     '9' A ruse adopted by Jason; 371 B。C。 Cf。 〃Hell。〃 VI。 iv。 21。 

     '10'   Cf。   the   tactics   of   the   Athenians   at   Catana;   415   B。C。   Thuc。   vi。 

64。 

     I   consider   it   to   be   the   duty   of   the   cavalry   commander   to   point   out 

clearly to the state authority the essential weakness of a force of cavalry 

unaided      by   light   infantry;    as  opposed      to  cavalry     with   foot…    soldiers 

attached。'11' It is duty also; having got his footmen; to turn the force to 

good account。 It is possible to conceal them effectively; not only between 

the   lines;   but   in   rear   also   of   the   troopersthe   mounted   soldier   towering 

high above his follower on foot。 

     '11'    Or;   〃divorced      from    infantry。〃    In  reference     to  {amippoi};       cf。 



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Thuc。 v。 57; 〃Hell。〃 VII。 v。 23。 

     With regard to these devices and   to any others which invention   may 

suggest     towards     capturing    the   foeman     by   force   or  fraud;   I  have   one 

common word of advice to add; which is; to act with God; and then while 

Heaven propitious smiles; fortune will scarcely dare to frown。'12' 

     '12' Or; 〃and then by the grace of Heaven you may win the smiles of 

fortune;〃 reading with Courier; etc。; {ina kai e tukhe sunepaine}。                        Cf。 

〃Cyrop。〃 III。 iii。 20。 

     At times there is no more effective fraud than a make…believe'13' of 

over…caution alien to the spirit of adventure。 This itself will put the enemy 

off his guard and ten to one will lure him into some egregious blunder; or 

conversely;  once   get   a   reputation   for   foolhardiness   established;   and   then 

with   folded   hands   sit   feigning   future   action;   and   see   what   a   world   of 

trouble you will thereby cause your adversary。 

     '13' S。 15 should perhaps stand before S。 13。 



                                               VI 



     But;   after   all;   no   man;   however   great   his   plastic   skill;   can   hope   to 

mould and shape a work of art to suit his fancy; unless the stuff on which 

he works be first prepared and   made ready to obey the craftsman's   will。 

Nor certainly where the raw  material consists of men; will you succeed; 

unless;   under   God's   blessing;   these   same   men   have   been   prepared   and 

made ready to meet their officer in a friendly spirit。 They  must come to 

look upon him as of greater sagacity than themselves in all that concerns 

encounter   with   the   enemy。   This   friendly   disposition   on   the   part   of   his 

subordinates; one must suppose; will best be fostered by a corresponding 

sympathy   on   the   part   of   their   commander   towards   the   men   themselves; 

and that not by simple kindness but by the obvious pains he takes on their 

behalf;   at   one   time   to   provide   them   with   food;   and   at   another   to   secure 

safety   of   retreat;   or   again   by   help   of   outposts   and   the   like;   to   ensure 

protection during rest and sleep。 

     When      on    active   service'1'     the   commander        must    prove    himself 

conspicuously        careful   in  the   matter    of  forage;   quarters;    water…supply; 



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outposts;'2'   and   all   other   requisites;   forecasting   the   future   and   keeping 

ever a wakeful eye in the interest of those under him; and in case of any 

advantage   wo
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