the vested interests and the common man-第10部分

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civilised　countries；　those　immemorial　principles　of　privilege　
equitably　vested　in　the　master　class　have　fallen　into　discredit　
as　being　not　sufficiently　grounded　in　fact；　so　that　mastery　and　
servitude　are　disallowed　and　have　disappeared　from　the　range　of　
legitimate　institutions。　The　enlightened　principles　of　self…help　
and　personal　equality　do　not　tolerate　these　things。　However；　they　
do　tolerate　free　income　from　investments。　Indeed；　the　most　
consistent　and　most　reputable　votaries　of　the　modern　point　of　
view　commonly　subsist　on　such　income。　
　　　　Ever　since　these　enlightened　principles　of　the　modern　point　
of　view　were　first　installed　in　the　eighteenth　century　as　the　
self…evident　rule　of　reason　in　civilised　life；　the　industrial　
arts　have　also　continued　to　gain　in　productive　efficiency；　at　an　
ever…accelerated　rate　of　gain；　so　that　today　the　industrial　
methods　of　the　machine　era　are　highly　productive；　beyond　any　
earlier　state　of　the　industrial　arts　or　anything　that　is　known　
outside　the　range　of　this　new　order　of　industry。　The　output　of　
this　industrial　system　yields　a　wider　margin　of　net　product　over　
cost　than　has　ever　been　obtainable　by　any　other　or　earlier　known　
method　of　work。　It　consequently　affords　ground　for　an　uncommonly　
substantial　vested　interest　in　this　disposable　net　margin。　
　　　　But　the　industrial　system　of　the　new　order　will　work　at　the　
high　rate　of　efficiency　of　which　it　is　capable；　only　under　
suitable　conditions。　It　is　a　comprehensive　system　of　
interdependent　working　parts；　organised　on　a　large　scale　and　with　
an　exacting　articulation　of　parts；　　works；　mills；　railways；　
shipping；　groups　and　lines　of　industrial　establishments；　all　
working　together　on　a　somewhat　delicately　balanced　plan　of　mutual　
give　and　take。　No　one　member　or　section　of　this　system　is　a　
self…sufficient　industrial　enterprise；　even　if　it　is　true　that　no　
one　member　is　strictly　dependent　on　any　other　one。　Indeed；　no　one　
member　or　section；　group　or　line　of　industrial　establishments；　in　
this　industrial　universe　of　the　new　order；　is　a　productive　factor　
at　all；　except　as　it　fits　into　and　duly　gives　and　takes　its　share　
in　the　work　of　the　system　as　a　whole。　Such　exceptions　to　this　
rule　of　interlocking　processes　as　may　appear　on　first　
examination；　are　likely　to　prove　exceptions　in　appearance　only。　
They　are　chiefly　the　backward　trades　and　occupations　which　have　
not　had　the　benefit　of　the　Industrial　Revolution　and　do　not　
belong　under　the　new；　mechanistic　order　of　industry；　or　they　are　
trades；　occupations　and　works　devoted　to　the　consumption　of　goods　
or　to　the　maintenance　of　the　rules　governing　the　distribution　and　
consumption　of　wealth；　as；　for　instance；　banking；　menial　service；　
police　service　and　the　apparatus　of　the　law；　the　learned　
professions　and　the　fine　arts。　
　　　　It　is　also　of　the　essence　of　this　industrial　system　and　its　
technology　that　it　necessarily　involves　the　industrial　community　
as　a　whole；　its　working　population　and　its　material　resources；　
and　the　measure　of　its　successful　operation　is　determined　by　the　
effectual　team…work　of　its　constituent　parts。　And　the　industrial　
system　of　the　new　order　is　drawn　on　a　large　scale　and　rests　on　a　
comprehensive　specialisation　of　processes　and　standardisation　of　
output；　so　that　the　〃community〃　which　is　required　for　the　
necessary　team…work　is　necessarily　a　large　community；　larger　than　
the　total　population　and　resources　that　would　have　served　the　
like　purpose　under　any　earlier　state　of　the　industrial　arts；　at　
the　same　time　that　the　needed　coordination　of　processes　is　also　
wider　and　more　delicately　balanced　than　ever　before。　Indeed；　the　
〃industrial　community〃　of　the　new　order　is　always　and　necessarily　
larger　than　any　existing　national　unit。　The　ramification　of　give　
and　take　under　the　new　industrial　system　invariably　overlaps　the　
national　frontiers；　among　all　those　peoples　who　occupy　what　would　
be　called　an　〃advanced〃　place　in　industry。　The　system；　and　
therefore　the　industrial　community　engaged　in　team…work　under　
this　system；　is　drawn　on　cosmopolitan　or　international　lines；　
both　in　respect　of　the　body　of　technological　knowledge　which　is　
turned　to　account　and　in　respect　of　the　range　and　volume　of　
materials　necessary　to　be　used　according　to　this　new　order　in　
productive　industry。　
　　　　Evidently　the　total　output　of　product　turned　out　under　this　
industrial　system；　the　〃annual　production；〃　to　use　Adam　Smith's　
phrase；　or　the　〃annual　dividend；〃　to　use　a　phrase　taken　from　
later　usage；　　this　total　output　is　the　output　of　the　total　
community　working　together　as　a　balanced　organisation　of　
industrial　forces　engaged　in　a　moving　equilibrium　of　production。　
No　part　or　fraction　of　the　community　is　a　productive　factor　in　
its　own　right　and　taken　by　itself；　since　no　work　can　be　done　by　
any　segment　of　the　community　in　isolation　from　the　rest；　no　one　
plant　or　works　would　be　a　producer　in　the　absence　of　all　the　
rest。　The　total　product　is　the　product　of　the　total　community's　
work；　or　rather　it　is　the　product　of　the　work　of　that　fraction　of　
the　people　who　are　employed　in　productive　work；　which　is　not　
quite　the　same　thing；　since　there　is　much　work　spent　on　the　
consumption　of　goods；　and　on　ways　and　means　for　such　consumption；　
as　well　as　on　their　production。　
　　　　Indeed；　it　is　by　no　means　certain　that　there　is　not　more　
time；　strain　and　ingenuity　spent　on　the　consumption　of　goods　than　
on　their　production。　Apart　from　sports；　menial　service；　
fashionable　dress　and　equipage；　pet　animals　and　mandatory　social　
amenities；　there　would　also　have　to　be　included　under　the　ways　
and　means　of　consumption　virtually　all　that　goes　into　
salesmanship　and　advertising。　Virtually　all　of　these　things　have　
to　do　with　the　organised　consumption　of　goods；　and　virtually　all　
are　therefore　to　be　written　off　as　waste　motion；　so　far　as　
regards　their　effect　on　the　net　productive　efficiency　of　the　
industrial　community；　or　of　the　industrial　system　whose　tissues　
are　consumed　in　enterprise　of　that　kind。　The　amount　which　is　to　
be　written　off　as　consumptive　waste　in　this　way　is　approximately　
the　same　as　the　net　margin　of　product　over　cost；　and　according　to　
the　enlightened　principles　of　self…help　and　equal　opportunity；　as　
these　principles　work　out　under　the　new　order　of　industry；　it　is　
for　the　investors　to　take　care　of　this　consumptive　waste　and　to　
see　that　no　unconsumed　residue　is　left　over　to　cumber　the　market　
and　produce　a　glut。　
　　　　Evidently；　too；　the　amount　of　the　annual　production　depends　
on　the　state　of　the　industrial　arts　which　the　working　population　
has　the　use　of　for　the　time　being；　which　is　in　the　main　a　matter　
of　technological　knowledge　and　popular　education。　So　that　the　
question　of　productivity　and　net　productivity　may　be　stated　in　
general　terms　to　the　following　effect：　The　possible　or　potential　
productive　capacity　of　any　given　community；　having　the　disposal　
of　a　given　complement　of　man　power　and　material　resources；　is　a　
matter　of　the　state　of　the　industrial　arts；　the　technological　
knowledge；　which　the　community　has　the　use　of。　This　sets　the　
limit；　determines　the　〃maximum〃　production　of　which　the　community　
is　capable。　The　actual　production　in　such　a　community　will　then　
be　determined　by　the　extent　to　which　the　available　technological　
efficiency　is　turned　to　account；　which　is　regulated　in　part　by　
the　intelligence；　or　〃education；〃　of　the　working　population；　and　
in　greater　part　by　market　conditions　which　decide　how　large　a　
product　it　will　be　profitable　for　the　business　men　to　turn　out。　
The　net　product　is　the　amount　by　which　this　actual　production　
exceeds　its　own　cost；　as　counted　in　terms　of　subsistence；　and　
including　the　cost　of　the　necessary　mechanical　equipment；　this　
net　product　will　then　approximately　coincide　with　the　annual　
keep；　the　cost　of　maintenance　and　replacement；　of　the　investors　
or　owners　of　capitalised　property　who　are　not　engaged　in　
productive　industry；　and　who　are　on　this　account　sometimes　spoken　
of　as　the　〃kept　classes；〃　Indeed；　it　would　seem　that　the　number　
and　average　cost　per　capita　of　the　kept　classes；　communibus　
annis；　affords　something　of　a　rough　measure　of　the　net　product　
habitually　derived　from　the　community's　annual　production。　
　　　　The　state　of　the　industrial　arts；　therefore；　is　the　
indispensable　conditioning　circumstance　which　determines　the　
productive　capacity　of　any　given　community；　and　this　is　true　in　a　
peculiar　degree　under　this　new　order　of　industry；　in　which　the　
industrial　arts　have　reached　an　unexampled　development。　The　same　
decisive　factor　may　also　be　described　as　〃the　community's　joint　
stock　of　technological　knowledge。〃　This　common　stock　of　
technological　knowledge　decides　what　will　be　the　ordinary　ways　
and　means　of　industry；　and　so　it　decides　what　will　be　the　
character　and　volume　of　the　output　of　product　which　a　given　man　
power　is　capable　of　turning　out。　Evidently　no　man　power　and　no　
working　population　can　turn　out　any　annual　product　without　the　
use　of　something　in　the　way　of　technological　knowledge；　that　is　
to　say　some　state　of　the　industrial　arts。　The　working　community　
is　a　prod