ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡
¶ÁÊéÊÒ ·µ»Ø±¾ÊéĿ¼ ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ© ÎÒµÄÊé¼Ü ÎÒµÄÊéÇ© TXTÈ«±¾ÏÂÔØ ¡ºÊղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷¡»

the prince(Íõ×Ó)-µÚ24²¿·Ö

¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿! Èç¹û±¾ÊéûÓÐÔĶÁÍ꣬ÏëÏ´μÌÐø½Ó×ÅÔĶÁ£¬¿ÉʹÓÃÉÏ·½ "Êղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷" ¹¦ÄÜ ºÍ "¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©" ¹¦ÄÜ£¡


Which£»¡¡as¡¡we¡¡saw£»¡¡did¡¡not¡¡afterwards¡¡turn¡¡out¡¡as¡¡expected£»¡¡because£»¡¡after¡¡

the¡¡rout¡¡at¡¡Vaila£»¡¡one¡¡party¡¡at¡¡once¡¡took¡¡courage¡¡and¡¡seized¡¡the¡¡state¡£¡¡Such¡¡

methods¡¡argue£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡weakness¡¡in¡¡the¡¡prince£»¡¡because¡¡these¡¡factions¡¡

will¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡never¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡permitted¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡vigorous¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡principality£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡methods¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡

enabling¡¡one¡¡the¡¡more¡¡easily¡¡to¡¡manage¡¡subjects¡¡are¡¡only¡¡useful¡¡in¡¡times¡¡

of¡¡peace£»¡¡but¡¡if¡¡war¡¡comes¡¡this¡¡policy¡¡proves¡¡fallacious¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡4¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Without¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡doubt¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡princes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡become¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡overcome¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

difficulties¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡obstacles¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡confronted£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡therefore¡¡

fortune£»¡¡especially¡¡when¡¡she¡¡desires¡¡to¡¡make¡¡a¡¡new¡¡prince¡¡great£»¡¡who¡¡has¡¡a¡¡

greater¡¡necessity¡¡to¡¡earn¡¡renown¡¡than¡¡an¡¡hereditary¡¡one£»¡¡causes¡¡enemies¡¡to¡¡

arise¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡form¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡designs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡him£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡order¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

opportunity¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡overcoming¡¡¡¡¡¡them£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡mount¡¡¡¡¡¡higher£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

ladder¡¡which¡¡his¡¡enemies¡¡have¡¡raised¡£¡¡For¡¡this¡¡reason¡¡many¡¡consider¡¡that¡¡a¡¡

wise¡¡prince£»¡¡when¡¡he¡¡has¡¡the¡¡opportunity£»¡¡ought¡¡with¡¡craft¡¡to¡¡foster¡¡some¡¡

animosity¡¡against¡¡himself£»¡¡so¡¡that£»¡¡having¡¡crushed¡¡it£»¡¡his¡¡renown¡¡may¡¡rise¡¡

higher¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡5¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Princes£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡especially¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡new¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ones£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡found¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡fidelity¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡86¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡87¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Prince¡¡



assistance¡¡in¡¡those¡¡men¡¡who¡¡in¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡their¡¡rule¡¡were¡¡distrusted¡¡

than¡¡among¡¡those¡¡who¡¡in¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡were¡¡trusted¡£¡¡Pandolfo¡¡Petrucci£»¡¡

Prince¡¡of¡¡Siena£»¡¡ruled¡¡his¡¡state¡¡more¡¡by¡¡those¡¡who¡¡had¡¡been¡¡distrusted¡¡than¡¡

by¡¡others¡£¡¡But¡¡on¡¡this¡¡question¡¡one¡¡cannot¡¡speak¡¡generally£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡varies¡¡so¡¡

much¡¡with¡¡the¡¡individual£»¡¡I¡¡will¡¡only¡¡say¡¡this£»¡¡that¡¡those¡¡men¡¡who¡¡at¡¡the¡¡

commencement¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡princedom¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡hostile£»¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

description¡¡to¡¡need¡¡assistance¡¡to¡¡support¡¡themselves£»¡¡can¡¡always¡¡be¡¡gained¡¡

over¡¡with¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡ease£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡will¡¡be¡¡tightly¡¡held¡¡to¡¡serve¡¡the¡¡prince¡¡

with¡¡fidelity£»¡¡inasmuch¡¡as¡¡they¡¡know¡¡it¡¡to¡¡be¡¡very¡¡necessary¡¡for¡¡them¡¡to¡¡

cancel¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡deeds¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡bad¡¡¡¡¡¡impression¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡formed¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡them£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

thus¡¡the¡¡prince¡¡always¡¡extracts¡¡more¡¡profit¡¡from¡¡them¡¡than¡¡from¡¡those¡¡who£»¡¡

serving¡¡him¡¡in¡¡too¡¡much¡¡security£»¡¡¡¡may¡¡neglect¡¡his¡¡affairs¡£¡¡And¡¡since¡¡the¡¡

matter¡¡demands¡¡it£»¡¡I¡¡must¡¡not¡¡fail¡¡to¡¡warn¡¡a¡¡prince£»¡¡who¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡secret¡¡

favours¡¡has¡¡acquired¡¡a¡¡new¡¡state£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡must¡¡well¡¡consider¡¡the¡¡reasons¡¡

which¡¡induced¡¡those¡¡to¡¡favour¡¡him¡¡who¡¡did¡¡so£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡it¡¡be¡¡not¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡

affection¡¡towards¡¡him£»¡¡but¡¡only¡¡discontent¡¡with¡¡their¡¡government£»¡¡then¡¡he¡¡

will¡¡only¡¡keep¡¡them¡¡friendly¡¡with¡¡great¡¡trouble¡¡and¡¡difficulty£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡

impossible¡¡to¡¡satisfy¡¡them¡£¡¡And¡¡weighing¡¡well¡¡the¡¡reasons¡¡for¡¡this¡¡in¡¡those¡¡

examples¡¡which¡¡can¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡taken¡¡from¡¡ancient¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡modern¡¡affairs£»¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡shall¡¡

find¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡easier¡¡for¡¡the¡¡prince¡¡to¡¡make¡¡friends¡¡of¡¡those¡¡men¡¡who¡¡were¡¡

contented¡¡¡¡¡¡under¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡former¡¡¡¡¡¡government£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡therefore¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡enemies£»¡¡

than¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who£»¡¡being¡¡discontented¡¡with¡¡it£»¡¡were¡¡favourable¡¡to¡¡him¡¡and¡¡

encouraged¡¡him¡¡to¡¡seize¡¡it¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡6¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡been¡¡a¡¡custom¡¡with¡¡princes£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡their¡¡states¡¡more¡¡

securely£»¡¡to¡¡build¡¡fortresses¡¡that¡¡may¡¡serve¡¡as¡¡a¡¡bridle¡¡and¡¡bit¡¡to¡¡those¡¡who¡¡

might¡¡design¡¡to¡¡work¡¡against¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡a¡¡place¡¡of¡¡refuge¡¡from¡¡a¡¡first¡¡

attack¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡praise¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡system¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡use¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡formerly¡£¡¡

Notwithstanding¡¡that£»¡¡Messer¡¡Nicolo¡¡Vitelli¡¡in¡¡our¡¡times¡¡has¡¡been¡¡seen¡¡to¡¡

demolish¡¡two¡¡fortresses¡¡in¡¡Citta¡¡di¡¡Castello¡¡so¡¡that¡¡he¡¡might¡¡keep¡¡that¡¡state£»¡¡

Guido¡¡Ubaldo£»¡¡Duke¡¡of¡¡Urbino£»¡¡on¡¡returning¡¡to¡¡his¡¡dominion£»¡¡whence¡¡he¡¡

had¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡driven¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡Cesare¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Borgia£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡razed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡foundations¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡the¡¡

fortresses¡¡in¡¡that¡¡province£»¡¡and¡¡considered¡¡that¡¡without¡¡them¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡

more¡¡¡¡¡¡difficult¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡lose¡¡¡¡¡¡it£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Bentivogli¡¡¡¡¡¡returning¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Bologna¡¡¡¡¡¡came¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

similar¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡decision¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Fortresses£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡therefore£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡useful¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡according¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡87¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡88¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Prince¡¡



circumstances£»¡¡if¡¡they¡¡do¡¡you¡¡good¡¡in¡¡one¡¡way¡¡they¡¡injure¡¡you¡¡in¡¡another¡£¡¡

And¡¡this¡¡question¡¡can¡¡be¡¡reasoned¡¡thus£º¡¡the¡¡prince¡¡who¡¡has¡¡more¡¡to¡¡fear¡¡

from¡¡the¡¡people¡¡than¡¡from¡¡foreigners¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡build¡¡fortresses£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡who¡¡

has¡¡more¡¡to¡¡fear¡¡from¡¡foreigners¡¡than¡¡from¡¡the¡¡people¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡leave¡¡them¡¡

alone¡£¡¡The¡¡castle¡¡of¡¡Milan£»¡¡built¡¡by¡¡Francesco¡¡Sforza£»¡¡has¡¡made£»¡¡and¡¡will¡¡

make£»¡¡more¡¡trouble¡¡for¡¡the¡¡house¡¡of¡¡Sforza¡¡than¡¡any¡¡other¡¡disorder¡¡in¡¡the¡¡

state¡£¡¡For¡¡this¡¡reason¡¡the¡¡best¡¡possible¡¡fortress¡¡isnot¡¡to¡¡be¡¡hated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡

people£»¡¡because£»¡¡although¡¡you¡¡may¡¡hold¡¡the¡¡fortresses£»¡¡yet¡¡they¡¡will¡¡not¡¡

save¡¡you¡¡if¡¡the¡¡people¡¡hate¡¡you£»¡¡for¡¡there¡¡will¡¡never¡¡be¡¡wanting¡¡foreigners¡¡

to¡¡assist¡¡a¡¡people¡¡who¡¡have¡¡taken¡¡arms¡¡against¡¡you¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡not¡¡been¡¡seen¡¡in¡¡

our¡¡times¡¡that¡¡such¡¡fortresses¡¡have¡¡been¡¡of¡¡use¡¡to¡¡any¡¡prince£»¡¡unless¡¡to¡¡the¡¡

Countess¡¡of¡¡Forli£»£§*£§¡¡when¡¡the¡¡Count¡¡Girolamo£»¡¡her¡¡consort£»¡¡was¡¡killed£»¡¡

for¡¡by¡¡that¡¡means¡¡she¡¡was¡¡able¡¡to¡¡withstand¡¡the¡¡popular¡¡attack¡¡and¡¡wait¡¡for¡¡

assistance¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡Milan£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡thus¡¡¡¡¡¡recover¡¡¡¡¡¡her¡¡¡¡¡¡state£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡posture¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

affairs¡¡was¡¡such¡¡at¡¡that¡¡time¡¡that¡¡the¡¡foreigners¡¡could¡¡not¡¡assist¡¡the¡¡people¡£¡¡

But¡¡fortresses¡¡were¡¡of¡¡little¡¡value¡¡to¡¡her¡¡afterwards¡¡when¡¡Cesare¡¡Borgia¡¡

attacked¡¡her£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡her¡¡enemy£»¡¡were¡¡allied¡¡with¡¡foreigners¡£¡¡

Therefore£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡safer¡¡for¡¡her£»¡¡both¡¡then¡¡and¡¡before£»¡¡not¡¡to¡¡

have¡¡been¡¡hated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡people¡¡than¡¡to¡¡have¡¡had¡¡the¡¡fortresses¡£¡¡All¡¡these¡¡

things¡¡considered¡¡then£»¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡praise¡¡him¡¡who¡¡builds¡¡fortresses¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡

him¡¡who¡¡does¡¡not£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡blame¡¡whoever£»¡¡trusting¡¡in¡¡them£»¡¡cares¡¡little¡¡

about¡¡being¡¡hated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡people¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§*£§¡¡¡¡¡¡Catherine¡¡¡¡¡¡Sforza£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡daughter¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Galeazzo¡¡¡¡¡¡Sforza¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Lucrezia¡¡

Landriani£»¡¡¡¡¡¡born¡¡¡¡¡¡1463£»¡¡¡¡¡¡died¡¡¡¡¡¡1509¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Countess¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Forli¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡

Machiavelli¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡sent¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡envy¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡1499¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡¡¡¡¡letter¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡Fortunati¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

countess¡¡announces¡¡the¡¡appointment£º¡¡¡¨I¡¡have¡¡been¡¡with¡¡the¡¡signori£»¡¨¡¡wrote¡¡

Fortunati£»¡¡¡¨to¡¡learn¡¡whom¡¡they¡¡would¡¡send¡¡and¡¡when¡£¡¡They¡¡tell¡¡me¡¡that¡¡

Nicolo¡¡¡¡¡¡Machiavelli£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡learned¡¡¡¡¡¡young¡¡¡¡¡¡Florentine¡¡¡¡¡¡noble£»¡¡¡¡¡¡secretary¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡my¡¡

Lords¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Ten£»¡¡is¡¡to¡¡leave¡¡with¡¡me¡¡at¡¡once¡£¡¨¡¡Cf¡£¡¡¡¨Catherine¡¡Sforza£»¡¨¡¡by¡¡

Count¡¡Pasolini£»¡¡translated¡¡by¡¡P¡£¡¡Sylvester£»¡¡1898¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡88¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡89¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Prince¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CHAPTER¡¡XXI¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡HOW¡¡A¡¡PRINCE¡¡SHOULD¡¡CONDUCT¡¡HIMSELF¡¡SO¡¡AS¡¡TO¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡GAIN¡¡RENOWN¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Nothing¡¡¡¡¡¡makes¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡prince¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡esteemed¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡enterprises¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

setting¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡fine¡¡¡¡¡¡example¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡Ferdinand¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Aragon£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

present¡¡King¡¡of¡¡Spain¡£¡¡He¡¡can¡¡almost¡¡be¡¡called¡¡a¡¡new¡¡prince£»¡¡because¡¡he¡¡

has¡¡risen£»¡¡by¡¡¡¡fame¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡glory£»¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡being¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡insignificant¡¡king¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡the¡¡

foremost¡¡king¡¡in¡¡Christendom£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡you¡¡will¡¡consider¡¡his¡¡deeds¡¡you¡¡will¡¡

find¡¡them¡¡all¡¡great¡¡and¡¡some¡¡of¡¡them¡¡extraordinary¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡his¡¡

reign¡¡he¡¡attacked¡¡Granada£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡enterprise¡¡was¡¡the¡¡foundation¡¡of¡¡his¡¡

dominions¡£¡¡He¡¡did¡¡this¡¡quietly¡¡at¡¡first¡¡and¡¡without¡¡any¡¡fear¡¡of¡¡hindrance£»¡¡

for¡¡he¡¡held¡¡the¡¡minds¡¡of¡¡the¡¡barons¡¡of¡¡Castile¡¡occupied¡¡in¡¡thinking¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

war¡¡and¡¡not¡¡anticipating¡¡any¡¡innovations£»¡¡thus¡¡they¡¡did¡¡not¡¡perceive¡¡that¡¡

by¡¡these¡¡means¡¡he¡¡was¡¡acquiring¡¡power¡¡and¡¡authority¡¡over¡¡them¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡

able¡¡with¡¡the¡¡money¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Church¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡to¡¡sustain¡¡his¡¡armies£»¡¡

and¡¡by¡¡that¡¡long¡¡war¡¡to¡¡lay¡¡the¡¡foundation¡¡for¡¡the¡¡military¡¡skill¡¡which¡¡has¡¡

since¡¡distinguished¡¡him¡£¡¡Further£»¡¡always¡¡using¡¡religion¡¡as¡¡a¡¡plea£»¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡

undertake¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡greater¡¡¡¡schemes£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡devoted¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡himself¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡pious¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡cruelty¡¡¡¡to¡¡

driving¡¡out¡¡and¡¡clearing¡¡his¡¡kingdom¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Moors£»¡¡nor¡¡could¡¡there¡¡be¡¡a¡¡

more¡¡¡¡¡¡admirable¡¡¡¡¡¡example£»¡¡¡¡¡¡nor¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡rare¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Under¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡cloak¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡

assailed¡¡Africa£»¡¡he¡¡came¡¡down¡¡on¡¡Italy£»¡¡he¡¡has¡¡finally¡¡attacked¡¡France£»¡¡and¡¡

thus¡¡his¡¡achievements¡¡and¡¡designs¡¡have¡¡always¡¡been¡¡great£»¡¡and¡¡have¡¡kept¡¡

the¡¡minds¡¡of¡¡his¡¡people¡¡in¡¡suspense¡¡and¡¡admiration¡¡and¡¡occupied¡¡with¡¡the¡¡

issue¡¡of¡¡them¡£¡¡And¡¡his¡¡actions¡¡have¡¡arisen¡¡in¡¡such¡¡a¡¡way£»¡¡one¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

other£»¡¡that¡¡men¡¡have¡¡never¡¡been¡¡given¡¡time¡¡to¡¡work¡¡steadily¡¡against¡¡him¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Again£»¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡assists¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡prince¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡set¡¡¡¡¡¡unusual¡¡¡¡¡¡examples¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡internal¡¡

affairs£»¡¡similar¡¡to¡¡those¡¡which¡¡are¡¡related¡¡of¡¡Messer¡¡Bernabo¡¡da¡¡Milano£»¡¡

who£»¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡opportunity£»¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡civil¡¡¡¡¡¡life¡¡¡¡¡¡doing¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡

extraordinary¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡thing£»¡¡¡¡either¡¡¡¡¡¡good¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡bad£»¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡take¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡method¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

rewarding¡¡or¡¡punishing¡¡him£»¡¡which¡¡would¡¡be¡¡much¡¡spoken¡¡about¡£¡¡And¡¡
·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨1£© ²È£¨1£©
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿!
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԭ´´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡