hesiod, the homeric hymns, and homerica-第3部分

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　opposed　to　the　currently　accepted　technical　aim　of　the　poem　　explains　the　otherwise　puzzling　incompleteness　of　the　instructions　on　farming　and　seafaring。

Of　the　Hesiodic　poems　similar　in　character　to　the　〃Works　and　Days〃；　only　the　scantiest　fragments　survive。　　One　at　least　of　these；　the　〃Divination　by　Birds〃；　was；　as　we　know　from　Proclus；　attached　to　the　end　of　the　〃Works〃　until　it　was　rejected　by　Apollonius　Rhodius：　doubtless　it　continued　the　same　theme　of　how　to　live；　showing　how　man　can　avoid　disasters　by　attending　to　the　omens　to　be　drawn　from　birds。　　It　is　possible　that　the　〃Astronomy〃　or　〃Astrology〃　（as　Plutarch　calls　it）　was　in　turn　appended　to　the　〃Divination〃。　　It　certainly　gave　some　account　of　the　principal　constellations；　their　dates　of　rising　and　setting；　and　the　legends　connected　with　them；　and　probably　showed　how　these　influenced　human　affairs　or　might　be　used　as　guides。　　The　〃Precepts　of　Chiron〃　was　a　didactic　poem　made　up　of　moral　and　practical　precepts；　resembling　the　gnomic　sections　of　the　〃Works　and　Days〃；　addressed　by　the　Centaur　Chiron　to　his　pupil　Achilles。

Even　less　is　known　of　the　poem　called　the　〃Great　Works〃：　the　title　implies　that　it　was　similar　in　subject　to　the　second　section　of　the　〃Works　and　Days〃；　but　longer。　　Possible　references　in　Roman　writers　（6）　indicate　that　among　the　subjects　dealt　with　were　the　cultivation　of　the　vine　and　olive　and　various　herbs。　　The　inclusion　of　the　judgment　of　Rhadamanthys　（frag。　1）：　‘If　a　man　sow　evil；　he　shall　reap　evil；'　indicates　a　gnomic　element；　and　the　note　by　Proclus　（7）　on　〃Works　and　Days〃　126　makes　it　likely　that　metals　also　were　dealt　with。　　It　is　therefore　possible　that　another　lost　poem；　the　〃Idaean　Dactyls〃；　which　dealt　with　the　discovery　of　metals　and　their　working；　was　appended　to；　or　even　was　a　part　of　the　〃Great　Works〃；　just　as　the　〃Divination　by　Birds〃　was　appended　to　the　〃Works　and　Days〃。

II。　The　Genealogical　Poems：　The　only　complete　poem　of　the　genealogical　group　is　the　〃Theogony〃；　which　traces　from　the　beginning　of　things　the　descent　and　vicissitudes　of　the　families　of　the　gods。　　Like　the　〃Works　and　Days〃　this　poem　has　no　dramatic　plot；　but　its　unifying　principle　is　clear　and　simple。　　The　gods　are　classified　chronologically：　as　soon　as　one　generation　is　catalogued；　the　poet　goes　on　to　detail　the　offspring　of　each　member　of　that　generation。　　Exceptions　are　only　made　in　special　cases；　as　the　Sons　of　Iapetus　（ll。　507…616）　whose　place　is　accounted　for　by　their　treatment　by　Zeus。　　The　chief　landmarks　in　the　poem　are　as　follows：　after　the　first　103　lines；　which　contain　at　least　three　distinct　preludes；　three　primeval　beings　are　introduced；　Chaos；　Earth；　and　Eros　　here　an　indefinite　reproductive　influence。　　Of　these　three；　Earth　produces　Heaven　to　whom　she　bears　the　Titans；　the　Cyclopes　and　the　hundred…handed　giants。　　The　Titans；　oppressed　by　their　father；　revolt　at　the　instigation　of　Earth；　under　the　leadership　of　Cronos；　and　as　a　result　Heaven　and　Earth　are　separated；　and　Cronos　reigns　over　the　universe。　　Cronos　knowing　that　he　is　destined　to　be　overcome　by　one　of　his　children；　swallows　each　one　of　them　as　they　are　born；　until　Zeus；　saved　by　Rhea；　grows　up　and　overcomes　Cronos　in　some　struggle　which　is　not　described。　　Cronos　is　forced　to　vomit　up　the　children　he　had　swallowed；　and　these　with　Zeus　divide　the　universe　between　them；　like　a　human　estate。　　Two　events　mark　the　early　reign　of　Zeus；　the　war　with　the　Titans　and　the　overthrow　of　Typhoeus；　and　as　Zeus　is　still　reigning　the　poet　can　only　go　on　to　give　a　list　of　gods　born　to　Zeus　by　various　goddesses。　　After　this　he　formally　bids　farewell　to　the　cosmic　and　Olympian　deities　and　enumerates　the　sons　born　of　goddess　to　mortals。　　The　poem　closes　with　an　invocation　of　the　Muses　to　sing　of　the　‘tribe　of　women'。

This　conclusion　served　to　link　the　〃Theogony〃　to　what　must　have　been　a　distinct　poem；　the　〃Catalogues　of　Women〃。　　This　work　was　divided　into　four　（Suidas　says　five）　books；　the　last　one　（or　two）　of　which　was　known　as　the　〃Eoiae〃　and　may　have　been　again　a　distinct　poem：　the　curious　title　will　be　explained　presently。　　The　〃Catalogues〃　proper　were　a　series　of　genealogies　which　traced　the　Hellenic　race　（or　its　more　important　peoples　and　families）　from　a　common　ancestor。　　The　reason　why　women　are　so　prominent　is　obvious：　since　most　families　and　tribes　claimed　to　be　descended　from　a　god；　the　only　safe　clue　to　their　origin　was　through　a　mortal　woman　beloved　by　that　god；　and　it　has　also　been　pointed　out　that　‘mutterrecht'　still　left　its　traces　in　northern　Greece　in　historical　times。

The　following　analysis　（after　Marckscheffel）　（8）　will　show　the　principle　of　its　composition。　　From　Prometheus　and　Pronoia　sprang　Deucalion　and　Pyrrha；　the　only　survivors　of　the　deluge；　who　had　a　son　Hellen　（frag。　1）；　the　reputed　ancestor　of　the　whole　Hellenic　race。　　From　the　daughters　of　Deucalion　sprang　Magnes　and　Macedon；　ancestors　of　the　Magnesians　and　Macedonians；　who　are　thus　represented　as　cousins　to　the　true　Hellenic　stock。　　Hellen　had　three　sons；　Dorus；　Xuthus；　and　Aeolus；　parents　of　the　Dorian；　Ionic　and　Aeolian　races；　and　the　offspring　of　these　was　then　detailed。　　In　one　instance　a　considerable　and　characteristic　section　can　be　traced　from　extant　fragments　and　notices：　Salmoneus；　son　of　Aeolus；　had　a　daughter　Tyro　who　bore　to　Poseidon　two　sons；　Pelias　and　Neleus；　the　latter　of　these；　king　of　Pylos；　refused　Heracles　purification　for　the　murder　of　Iphitus；　whereupon　Heracles　attacked　and　sacked　Pylos；　killing　amongst　the　other　sons　of　Neleus　Periclymenus；　who　had　the　power　of　changing　himself　into　all　manner　of　shapes。　　From　this　slaughter　Neleus　alone　escaped　（frags。　13；　and　10…12）。　　This　summary　shows　the　general　principle　of　arrangement　of　the　〃Catalogues〃：　each　line　seems　to　have　been　dealt　with　in　turn；　and　the　monotony　was　relieved　as　far　as　possible　by　a　brief　relation　of　famous　adventures　connected　with　any　of　the　personages　　as　in　the　case　of　Atalanta　and　Hippomenes　（frag。　14）。　　Similarly　the　story　of　the　Argonauts　appears　from　the　fragments　（37…42）　to　have　been　told　in　some　detail。

This　tendency　to　introduce　romantic　episodes　led　to　an　important　development。　　Several　poems　are　ascribed　to　Hesiod；　such　as　the　〃Epithalamium　of　Peleus　and　Thetis〃；　the　〃Descent　of　Theseus　into　Hades〃；　or　the　〃Circuit　of　the　Earth〃　（which　must　have　been　connected　with　the　story　of　Phineus　and　the　Harpies；　and　so　with　the　Argonaut…legend）；　which　yet　seem　to　have　belonged　to　the　〃Catalogues〃。　　It　is　highly　probable　that　these　poems　were　interpolations　into　the　〃Catalogues〃　expanded　by　later　poets　from　more　summary　notices　in　the　genuine　Hesiodic　work　and　subsequently　detached　from　their　contexts　and　treated　as　independent。　　This　is　definitely　known　to　be　true　of　the　〃Shield　of　Heracles〃；　the　first　53　lines　of　which　belong　to　the　fourth　book　of　the　〃Catalogues〃；　and　almost　certainly　applies　to　other　episodes；　such　as　the　〃Suitors　of　Helen〃　（9）；　the　〃Daughters　of　Leucippus〃；　and　the　〃Marriage　of　Ceyx〃；　which　last　Plutarch　mentions　as　‘interpolated　in　the　works　of　Hesiod。'

To　the　〃Catalogues〃；　as　we　have　said；　was　appended　another　work；　the　〃Eoiae〃。　　The　title　seems　to　have　arisen　in　the　following　way　（10）：　　the　〃Catalogues〃　probably　ended　（ep。　〃Theogony〃　963　ff。）　with　some　such　passage　as　this：　‘But　now；　ye　Muses；　sing　of　the　tribes　of　women　with　whom　the　Sons　of　Heaven　were　joined　in　love；　women　pre…eminent　above　their　fellows　in　beauty；　such　as　was　Niobe　（？）。'　　Each　succeeding　heroine　was　then　introduced　by　the　formula　‘Or　such　as　was。。。'　（cp。　frags。　88；　92；　etc。）。　　A　large　fragment　of　the　〃Eoiae〃　is　extant　at　the　beginning　of　the　〃Shield　of　Heracles〃；　which　may　be　mentioned　here。　　The　〃supplement〃　（ll。　57…480）　is　nominally　Heracles　and　Cycnus；　but　the　greater　part　is　taken　up　with　an　inferior　description　of　the　shield　of　Heracles；　in　imitation　of　the　Homeric　shield　of　Achilles　（〃Iliad〃　xviii。　478　ff。）。　　Nothing　shows　more　clearly　the　collapse　of　the　principles　of　the　Hesiodic　school　than　this　ultimate　servile　dependence　upon　Homeric　models。

At　the　close　of　the　〃Shield〃　Heracles　goes　on　to　Trachis　to　the　house　of　Ceyx；　and　this　warning　suggests　that　the　〃Marriage　of　Ceyx〃　may　have　come　immediately　after　the　‘Or　such　as　was'　of　Alcmena　in　the　〃Eoiae〃：　possibly　Halcyone；　the　wife　of　Ceyx；　was　one　of　the　heroines　sung　in　the　poem；　and　the　original　section　was　‘developed'　into　the　〃Marriage〃；　although　what　form　the　poem　took　is　unknown。

Next　to　the　〃Eoiae〃　and　the　poems　which　seemed　to　have　been　developed　from　it；　it　is　natural　to　place　the　〃Great　Eoiae〃。　　This；　again；　as　we　know　from　fragments；　was　a　list　of　heroines　who　bare　children　to　the　gods：　from　the　title　we　must　suppose　it　to　have　been　much　longer　that　the　simple　〃Eoiae〃；　but　its　extent　is　unknown。　　Lehmann；　remarking　that　the　heroines　are　all　Boeotian　and　Thessalian　（while　the　heroines　of　the　〃Catalogues〃　belong　to　all　parts　of　the　Greek　world）；　believes　the　author　to　have　been　either　a　Boeotian　or　Thessalian。

Two　other　poems　are　ascribed　to　Hesiod。　　Of　these　the　〃Aegimius〃　（also　ascribed　by　Athenaeus　to　Cercops　of　Miletus）；　is　thought　by　Valckenaer　to　deal　with　the　war　of　Aegimus　against　the　Lapithae　and　the　aid　furnished　to　him　by　Heracles；　and　with　the　his