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the essays of montaigne, v13-第5部分

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calling his army together。  These silly people did not know how good a
husband he was of his time: for he often repeats that it is the best part
of a captain to know how to make use of occasions; and his diligence in
his exploits is; in truth; unheard of and incredible。

If he was not very conscientious in taking advantage of an enemy under
colour of a treaty of agreement; he was as little so in this; that he
required no other virtue in a soldier but valour only; and seldom
punished any other faults but mutiny and disobedience。  He would often
after his victories turn them loose to all sorts of licence; dispensing
them for some time from the rules of military discipline; saying withal
that he had soldiers so well trained up that; powdered and perfumed; they
would run furiously to the fight。  In truth; he loved to have them richly
armed; and made them wear engraved; gilded; and damasked armour; to the
end that the care of saving it might engage them to a more obstinate
defence。  Speaking to them; he called them by the name of fellow…
soldiers; which we yet use; which his successor; Augustus; reformed;
supposing he had only done it upon necessity; and to cajole those who
merely followed him as volunteers:

                         〃Rheni mihi Caesar in undis
          Dux erat; hic socius; facinus quos inquinat; aequat:〃

     '〃In the waters of the Rhine Caesar was my general; here at Rome he
     is my fellow。  Crime levels those whom it polluted。〃
     Lucan; v。 289。'

but that this carriage was too mean and low for the dignity of an emperor
and general of an army; and therefore brought up the custom of calling
them soldiers only。

With this courtesy Caesar mixed great severity to keep them in awe; the
ninth legion having mutinied near Placentia; he ignominiously cashiered
them; though Pompey was then yet on foot; and received them not again to
grace till after many supplications; he quieted them more by authority
and boldness than by gentle ways。

In that place where he speaks of his; passage over the Rhine to Germany;
he says that; thinking it unworthy of the honour of the Roman people to
waft over his army in vessels; he built a bridge that they might pass
over dry…foot。  There it was that he built that wonderful bridge of which
he gives so particular a description; for he nowhere so willingly dwells
upon his actions as in representing to us the subtlety of his inventions
in such kind of handiwork。

I have also observed this; that he set a great value upon his
exhortations to the soldiers before the fight; for where he would show
that he was either surprised or reduced to a necessity of fighting; he
always brings in this; that he had not so much as leisure to harangue his
army。  Before that great battle with those of Tournay; 〃Caesar;〃 says he;
〃having given order for everything else; presently ran where fortune
carried him to encourage his people; and meeting with the tenth legion;
had no more time to say anything to them but this; that they should
remember their wonted valour; not to be astonished; but bravely sustain
the enemy's encounter; and seeing the enemy had already approached within
a dart's cast; he gave the signal for battle; and going suddenly thence
elsewhere; to encourage others; he found that they were already engaged。〃
Here is what he tells us in that place。  His tongue; indeed; did him
notable service upon several occasions; and his military eloquence was;
in his own time; so highly reputed; that many of his army wrote down his
harangues as he spoke them; by which means there were volumes of them
collected that existed a long time after him。  He had so particular a
grace in speaking; that his intimates; and Augustus amongst others;
hearing those orations read; could distinguish even to the phrases and
words that were not his。

The first time that he went out of Rome with any public command; he
arrived in eight days at the river Rhone; having with him in his coach a
secretary or two before him who were continually writing; and him who
carried his sword behind him。  And certainly; though a man did nothing
but go on; he could hardly attain that promptitude with which; having
been everywhere victorious in Gaul; he left it; and; following Pompey to
Brundusium; in eighteen days' time he subdued all Italy; returned from
Brundusium to Rome; from Rome went into the very heart of Spain; where he
surmounted extreme difficulties in the war against Afranius and Petreius;
and in the long siege of Marseilles; thence he returned into Macedonia;
beat the Roman army at Pharsalia; passed thence in pursuit of Pompey into
Egypt; which he also subdued; from Egypt he went into Syria and the
territories of Pontus; where he fought Pharnaces; thence into Africa;
where he defeated Scipio and Juba; again returned through Italy; where he
defeated Pompey's sons:

               〃Ocyor et coeli fiammis; et tigride foeta。〃

          '〃Swifter than lightning; or the cub…bearing tigress。〃
          Lucan; v。 405'

              〃Ac veluti montis saxum de; vertice praeceps
               Cum ruit avulsum vento; seu turbidus imber
               Proluit; aut annis solvit sublapsa vetustas;
               Fertur in abruptum magno mons improbus actu;
               Exultatque solo; silvas; armenta; virosque;
               Involvens secum。〃

     '〃And as a stone torn from the mountain's top by the wind or rain
     torrents; or loosened by age; falls massive with mighty force;
     bounds here and there; in its course sweeps from the earth with it
     woods; herds; and men。〃AEneid; xii。 684。'

Speaking of the siege of Avaricum; he says; that it; was his custom to be
night and day with the pioneers。'Engineers。  D。W。' In all enterprises
of consequence he always reconnoitred in person; and never brought his
army into quarters till he had first viewed the place; and; if we may
believe Suetonius; when he resolved to pass over into England; he was the
first man that sounded the passage。

He was wont to say that he more valued a victory obtained by counsel than
by force; and in the war against Petreius and Afranius; fortune
presenting him with an occasion of manifest advantage; he declined it;
saying; that he hoped; with a little more time; but less hazard; to
overthrow his enemies。  He there also played a notable part in commanding
his whole army to pass the river by swimming; without any manner of
necessity:

                    〃Rapuitque ruens in praelia miles;
          Quod fugiens timuisset; iter; mox uda receptis
          Membra fovent armis; gelidosque a gurgite; cursu
          Restituunt artus。〃

     '〃The soldier rushing through a way to fight which he would have
     been afraid to have taken in flight: then with their armour they
     cover wet limbs; and by running restore warmth to their numbed
     joints。〃Lucan; iv。  151。'

I find him a little more temperate and considerate in his enterprises
than Alexander; for this man seems to seek and run headlong upon dangers
like an impetuous torrent which attacks and rushes against everything it
meets; without choice or discretion;

                    〃Sic tauriformis volvitur Aufidus;
                    Qui regna Dauni perfluit Appuli;
                    Dum saevit; horrendamque cultis
                    Diluviem meditatur agris;〃

     '〃So the biforked Aufidus; which flows through the realm of the
     Apulian Daunus; when raging; threatens a fearful deluge to the
     tilled ground。〃Horat。; Od。; iv。 14; 25。'

and; indeed; he was a general in the flower and first heat of his youth;
whereas Caesar took up the trade at a ripe and well advanced age; to
which may be added that Alexander was of a more sanguine; hot; and
choleric constitution; which he also inflamed with wine; from which
Caesar was very abstinent。

But where necessary occasion required; never did any man venture his
person more than he: so much so; that for my part; methinks I read in
many of his exploits a determinate resolution to throw himself away to
avoid the shame of being overcome。  In his great battle with those of
Tournay; he charged up to the head of the enemies without his shield;
just as he was seeing the van of his own army beginning to give ground';
which also several other times befell him。  Hearing that his people were
besieged; he passed through the enemy's army in disguise to go and
encourage them with his presence。  Having crossed over to Dyrrachium with
very slender forces; and seeing the remainder of his army which he had
left to Antony's conduct slow in following him; he undertook alone to
repass the sea in a very great storms and privately stole away to fetch
the rest of his forces; the ports on the other side being seized by
Pompey; and the whole sea being in his possession。  And as to what he
performed by force of hand; there are many exploits that in hazard exceed
all the rules of war; for with how small means did he undertake to subdue
the kingdom of Egypt; and afterwards to attack the forces of Scipio and
Juba; ten times greater than his own?  These people had; I know not what;
more than human confidence in their fortune; and he was wont to say
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