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a footnote to history-第31部分

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habitually respected; and there are many papers in England; and 

still more in the States; even of leading organs in chief cities; 

that might envy; and would do well to imitate; the courtesy and 

discretion of the SAMOA TIMES。  Yet the editor; Cusack; is only an 

amateur in journalism; and a carpenter by trade。  His chief fault 

is one perhaps inevitable in so small a place … that he seems a 

little in the leading of a clique; but his interest in the public 

weal is genuine and generous。  One man's meat is another man's 

poison:  Anglo…Saxons and Germans have been differently brought up。 

To our galled experience the paper appears moderate; to their 

untried sensations it seems violent。  We think a public man fair 

game; we think it a part of his duty; and I am told he finds it a 

part of his reward; to be continually canvassed by the press。  For 

the Germans; on the other hand; an official wears a certain 

sacredness; when he is called over the coals; they are shocked; and 

(if the official be a German) feel that Germany itself has been 

insulted。  The SAMOA TIMES had been long a mountain of offence。  

Brandeis had imported from the colonies another printer of the name 

of Jones; to deprive Cusack of the government printing。  German 

sailors had come ashore one day; wild with offended patriotism; to 

punish the editor with stripes; and the result was delightfully 

amusing。  The champions asked for the English printer。  They were 

shown the wrong man; and the blows intended for Cusack had hailed 

on the shoulders of his rival Jones。  On the 12th; Cusack had 

reprinted an article from a San Francisco paper; the Germans had 

complained; and de Coetlogon; in a moment of weakness; had fined 

the editor twenty pounds。  The judgment was afterwards reversed in 

Fiji; but even at the time it had not satisfied the Germans。  And 

so now; on the third day of martial law; the paper was suppressed。  

Here we have another of these international obscurities。  To Fritze 

the step seemed natural and obvious; for Anglo…Saxons it was a hand 

laid upon the altar; and the month was scarce out before the voice 

of Senator Frye announced to his colleagues that free speech had 

been suppressed in Samoa。



Perhaps we must seek some similar explanation for Fritze's short…

lived code; published and withdrawn the next day; the 23rd。  Fritze 

himself was in no humour for extremities。  He was much in the 

position of a lieutenant who should perceive his captain urging the 

ship upon the rocks。  It is plain he had lost all confidence in his 

commanding officer 〃upon the legal side〃; and we find him writing 

home with anxious candour。  He had understood that martial law 

implied military possession; he was in military possession of 

nothing but his ship; and shrewdly suspected that his martial 

jurisdiction should be confined within the same limits。  〃As a 

matter of fact;〃 he writes; 〃we do not occupy the territory; and 

cannot give foreigners the necessary protection; because Mataafa 

and his people can at any moment forcibly interrupt me in my 

jurisdiction。〃  Yet in the eyes of Anglo…Saxons the severity of his 

code appeared burlesque。  I give but three of its provisions。  The 

crime of inciting German troops 〃by any means; as; for instance; 

informing them of proclamations by the enemy;〃 was punishable with 

death; that of 〃publishing or secretly distributing anything; 

whether printed or written; bearing on the war;〃 with prison or 

deportation; and that of calling or attending a public meeting; 

unless permitted; with the same。  Such were the tender mercies of 

Knappe; lurking in the western end of the German quarter; where 

Mataafa could 〃at any moment〃 interrupt his jurisdiction。



On the 22nd (day of the suppression of the TIMES) de Coetlogon 

wrote to inquire if hostilities were intended against Great 

Britain; which Knappe on the same day denied。  On the 23rd de 

Coetlogon sent a complaint of hostile acts; such as the armed and 

forcible entry of the RICHMOND before the declaration and arrest of 

Gallien。  In his reply; dated the 24th; Knappe took occasion to 

repeat; although now with more self…command; his former threat 

against de Coetlogon。  〃I am still of the opinion;〃 he writes; 

〃that even foreign consuls are liable to the application of martial 

law; if they are guilty of offences against the belligerent state。〃  

The same day (24th) de Coetlogon complained that Fletcher; manager 

for Messrs。 MacArthur; had been summoned by Fritze。  In answer; 

Knappe had 〃the honour to inform your Excellency that since the 

declaration of the state of war; British subjects are liable to 

martial law; and Mr。 Fletcher will be arrested if he does not 

appear。〃  Here; then; was the gauntlet thrown down; and de 

Coetlogon was burning to accept it。  Fletcher's offence was this。  

Upon the 22nd a steamer had come in from Wellington; specially 

chartered to bring German despatches to Apia。  The rumour came 

along with her from New Zealand that in these despatches Knappe 

would find himself rebuked; and Fletcher was accused of having 

〃interested himself in the spreading of this rumour。〃  His arrest 

was actually ordered; when Hand succeeded in persuading him to 

surrender。  At the German court; the case was dismissed 〃WEGEN 

NICHTIGKEIT〃; and the acute stage of these distempers may be said 

to have ended。  Blessed are the peacemakers。  Hand had perhaps 

averted a collision。  What is more certain; he had offered to the 

world a perfectly original reading of the part of British seaman。



Hand may have averted a collision; I say; but I am tempted to 

believe otherwise。  I am tempted to believe the threat to arrest 

Fletcher was the last mutter of the declining tempest and a mere 

sop to Knappe's self…respect。  I am tempted to believe the rumour 

in question was substantially correct; and the steamer from 

Wellington had really brought the German consul grounds for 

hesitation; if not orders to retreat。  I believe the unhappy man to 

have awakened from a dream; and to have read ominous writing on the 

wall。  An enthusiastic popularity surrounded him among the Germans。  

It was natural。  Consul and colony had passed through an hour of 

serious peril; and the consul had set the example of undaunted 

courage。  He was entertained at dinner。  Fritze; who was known to 

have secretly opposed him; was scorned and avoided。  But the clerks 

of the German firm were one thing; Prince Bismarck was another; and 

on a cold review of these events; it is not improbable that Knappe 

may have envied the position of his naval colleague。  It is 

certain; at least; that he set himself to shuffle and capitulate; 

and when the blow fell; he was able to reply that the martial law 

business had in the meanwhile come right; that the English and 

American consular courts stood open for ordinary cases and that in 

different conversations with Captain Hand; 〃who has always 

maintained friendly intercourse with the German authorities;〃 it 

had been repeatedly explained that only the supply of weapons and 

ammunition; or similar aid and support; was to come under German 

martial law。  Was it weapons or ammunition that Fletcher had 

supplied?  But it is unfair to criticise these wrigglings of an 

unfortunate in a false position。



In a despatch of the 23rd; which has not been printed; Knappe had 

told his story:  how he had declared war; subjected foreigners to 

martial law; and been received with a counter…proclamation by the 

English consul; and how (in an interview with Mataafa chiefs at the 

plantation house of Motuotua; of which I cannot find the date) he 

had demanded the cession of arms and of ringleaders for punishment; 

and proposed to assume the government of the islands。  On February 

12th he received Bismarck's answer: 〃You had no right to take 

foreigners from the jurisdiction of their consuls。  The protest of 

your English colleague is grounded。  In disputes which may arise 

from this cause you will find yourself in the wrong。  The demand 

formulated by you; as to the assumption of the government of Samoa 

by Germany; lay outside of your instructions and of our design。  

Take it immediately back。  If your telegram is here rightly 

understood; I cannot call your conduct good。〃  It must be a hard 

heart that does not sympathise with Knappe in the hour when he 

received this document。  Yet it may be said that his troubles were 

still in the beginning。  Men had contended against him; and he had 

not prevailed; he was now to be at war with the elements; and find 

his name identified with an immense disaster。



One more date; however; must be given first。  It was on February 

27th that Fritze formally announced martial law to be suspended; 

and himself to have relinquished the control of the police。







CHAPTER X … THE HURRICANE

MARCH 1889







THE so…called harbour of A
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