lectures11-13-第15部分

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and　never　opposes　resistance。〃＇189＇







＇189＇　Bartoli…Michel；　ii。　13















The　other　saying　is　reported　by　Rodriguez　in　the　chapter　from



which　I　a　moment　ago　made　quotations。　　When　speaking　of　the



Pope's　authority；　Rodriguez　writes：







〃Saint　Ignatius　said；　when　general　of　his　company；　that　if　the



Holy　Father　were　to　order　him　to　set　sail　in　the　first　bark　which



he　might　find　in　the　port　of　Ostia；　near　Rome；　and　to　abandon



himself　to　the　sea；　without　a　mast；　without　sails；　without　oars



or　rudder　or　any　of　the　things　that　are　needful　for　navigation　or



subsistence；　he　would　obey　not　only　with　alacrity；　but　without



anxiety　or　repugnance；　and　even　with　a　great　internal



satisfaction。〃＇190＇







＇190＇　Rodriguez：　　Op。　cit。；　Part　iii。；　Treatise　v。；　ch。　vi。















With　a　solitary　concrete　example　of　the　extravagance　to　which　the



virtue　we　are　considering　has　been　carried；　I　will　pass　to　the



topic　next　in　order。







〃Sister　Marie　Claire　＇of　Port　Royal＇　had　been　greatly　imbued　with



the　holiness　and　excellence　of　M。　　de　Langres。　　This　prelate；



soon　after　he　came　to　Port　Royal；　said　to　her　one　day；　seeing　her



so　tenderly　attached　to　Mother　Angelique；　that　it　would　perhaps



be　better　not　to　speak　to　her　again。　　Marie　Claire；　greedy　of



obedience；　took　this　inconsiderate　word　for　an　oracle　of　God；　and



from　that　day　forward　remained　for　several　years　without　once



speaking　to　her　sister。〃＇191＇







＇191＇　Sainte…Beuve：　　Histoire　de　Port　Royal；　i。　346。















Our　next　topic　shall　be　Poverty；　felt　at　all　times　and　under　all



creeds　as　one　adornment　of　a　saintly　life。　　Since　the　instinct　of



ownership　is　fundamental　in　man's　nature；　this　is　one　more



example　of　the　ascetic　paradox。　　Yet　it　appears　no　paradox　at



all；　but　perfectly　reasonable；　the　moment　one　recollects　how



easily　higher　excitements　hold　lower　cupidities　in　check。　　Having



just　quoted　the　Jesuit　Rodriguez　on　the　subject　of　obedience；　I



will；　to　give　immediately　a　concrete　turn　to　our　discussion　of



poverty；　also　read　you　a　page　from　his　chapter　on　this　latter



virtue。　　You　must　remember　that　he　is　writing　instructions　for



monks　of　his　own　order；　and　bases　them　all　on　the　text；　〃Blessed



are　the　poor　in　spirit。〃







〃If　any　one　of　you；〃　he　says；　〃will　know　whether　or　not　he　is



really　poor　in　spirit；　let　him　consider　whether　he　loves　the



ordinary　consequences　and　effects　of　poverty；　which　are　hunger；



thirst；　cold；　fatigue；　and　the　denudation　of　all　conveniences。



See　if　you　are　glad　to　wear　a　worn…out　habit　full　of　patches。　



See　if　you　are　glad　when　something　is　lacking　to　your　meal；　when



you　are　passed　by　in　serving　it；　when　what　you　receive　is



distasteful　to　you；　when　your　cell　is　out　of　repair。　　If　you　are



not　glad　of　these　things；　if　instead　of　loving　them　you　avoid



them；　then　there　is　proof　that　you　have　not　attained　the



perfection　of　poverty　of　spirit。〃　　Rodriguez　then　goes　on　to



describe　the　practice　of　poverty　in　more　detail。　　〃The　first



point　is　that　which　Saint　Ignatius　proposes　in　his　constitutions；



when　he　says；　'Let　no　one　use　anything　as　if　it　were　his　private



possession。'　'A　religious　person；'　he　says；　'ought　in　respect　to



all　the　things　that　he　uses；　to　be　like　a　statue　which　one　may



drape　with　clothing；　but　which　feels　no　grief　and　makes　no



resistance　when　one　strips　it　again。　　It　is　in　this　way　that　you



should　feel　towards　your　clothes；　your　books；　your　cell；　and



everything　else　that　you　make　use　of；　if　ordered　to　quit　them；　or



to　exchange　them　for　others；　have　no　more　sorrow　than　if　you　were



a　statue　being　uncovered。　In　this　way　you　will　avoid　using　them



as　if　they　were　your　private　possession。　　But　if；　when　you　give



up　your　cell；　or　yield　possession　of　this　or　that　object　or



exchange　it　for　another；　you　feel　repugnance　and　are　not　like　a



statue；　that　shows　that　you　view　these　things　as　if　they　were



your　private　property。'







〃And　this　is　why　our　holy　founder　wished　the　superiors　to　test



their　monks　somewhat　as　God　tested　Abraham；　and　to　put　their



poverty　and　their　obedience　to　trial；　that　by　this　means　they　may



become　acquainted　with　the　degree　of　their　virtue；　and　gain　a



chance　to　make　ever　farther　progress　in　perfection；　。　。　。　making



the　one　move　out　of　his　room　when　he　finds　it　comfortable　and　is



attached　to　it；　taking　away　from　another　a　book　of　which　he　is



fond；　or　obliging　a　third　to　exchange　his　garment　for　a　worse



one。　　Otherwise　we　should　end　by　acquiring　a　species　of　property



in　all　these　several　objects；　and　little　by　little　the　wall　of



poverty　that　surrounds　us　and　constitutes　our　principal　defense



would　be　thrown　down。　　The　ancient　fathers　of　the　desert　used



often　thus　to　treat　their　companions。　。　。　。　Saint　Dositheus；



being　sick…nurse；　desired　a　certain　knife；　and　asked　Saint



Dorotheus　for　it；　not　for　his　private　use；　but　for　employment　in



the　infirmary　of　which　he　had　charge。　Whereupon　Saint　Dorotheus



answered　him：　　'Ha！　Dositheus；　so　that　knife　pleases　you　so　much！



Will　you　be　the　slave　of　a　knife　or　the　slave　of　Jesus　Christ！　Do



you　not　blush　with　shame　at　wishing　that　a　knife　should　be　your



master？　　I　will　not　let　you　touch　it。'　Which　reproach　and　refusal



had　such　an　effect　upon　the　holy　disciple　that　since　that　time　he



never　touched　the　knife　again。'　。　　。　　。







〃Therefore；　in　our　rooms；〃　Father　Rodriguez　continues；　〃there



must　be　no　other　furniture　than　a　bed；　a　table；　a　bench；　and　a



candlestick；　things　purely　necessary；　and　nothing　more。　　It　is



not　allowed　among　us　that　our　cells　should　be　ornamented　with



pictures　or　aught　else；　neither　armchairs；　carpets；　curtains；　nor



any　sort　of　cabinet　or　bureau　of　any　elegance。　　Neither　is　it



allowed　us　to　keep　anything　to　eat；　either　for　ourselves　or　for　



those　who　may　come　to　visit　us。　　We　must　ask　permission　to　go　to



the　refectory　even　for　a　glass　of　water；　and　finally　we　may　not



keep　a　book　in　which　we　can　write　a　line；　or　which　we　may　take



away　with　us。　　One　cannot　deny　that　thus　we　are　in　great　poverty。







But　this　poverty　is　at　the　same　time　a　great　repose　and　a　great



perfection。　　For　it　would　be　inevitable；　in　case　a　religious



person　were　allowed　to　own　supernuous　possessions；　that　these



things　would　greatly　occupy　his　mind；　be　it　to　acquire　them；　to



preserve　them；　or　to　increase　them；　so　that　in　not　permitting　us



at　all　to　own　them；　all　these　inconveniences　are　remedied。　Among



the　various　good　reasons　why　the　company　forbids　secular　persons



to　enter　our　cells；　the　principal　one　is　that　thus　we　may　the



easier　be　kept　in　poverty。　　After　all；　we　are　all　men；　and　if　we



were　to　receive　people　of　the　world　into　our　rooms；　we　should　not



have　the　strength　to　remain　within　the　bounds　prescribed；　but



should　at　least　wish　to　adorn　them　with　some　books　to　give　the



visitors　a　better　opinion　of　our　scholarship。〃＇192＇







＇192＇　Rodriguez：　　Op。　cit。；　Part　iii；　Treatise　iii。；　chaps。　vi。；



vii。















Since　Hindu　fakirs；　Buddhist　monks；　and　Mohammedan　dervishes



unite　with　Jesuits　and　Franciscans　in　idealizing　poverty　as　the



loftiest　individual　state；　it　is　worth　while　to　examine　into　the



spiritual　grounds　for　such　a　seemingly　unnatural　opinion。　　And



first；　of　those　which　lie　closest　to　common　human　nature。







The　opposition　between　the　men　who　HAVE　and　the　men　who　ARE　is



immemorial。　　Though　the　gentleman；　in　the　old…　fashioned　sense　of



the　man　who　is　well　born；　has　usually　in　point　of　fact　been



predaceous　and　reveled　in　lands　and　goods；　yet　he　has　never



identified　his　essence　with　these　possessions；　but　rather　with



the　personal　superiorities；　the　courage；　generosity；　and　pride



supposed　to　be　his　birthright。　　To　certain　huckstering　kinds　of



consideration　he　thanked　God　he　was　forever　inaccessible；　and　if



in　life's　vicissitudes　he　should　become　destitute　through　their



lack；　he　was　glad　to　think　that　with　his　sheer　valor　he　was　all



the　freer　to　work　out　his　salvation。　　〃Wer　nur　selbst　was　hatte；〃



says　Lessing's　Tempelherr；　in　Nathan　the　Wise；　〃mein　Gott；　mein



Gott；　ich　habe　nichts！〃　　This　ideal　of　the　well…born　man　without



possessions　was　embodied　in　knight…errantry　and　templardom；　and；



hideously　corrupted　as　it　has　always　been；　it　still　dominates



sentimentally；　if　not　practically；　the　military　and　aristocratic



view　of　life。　　We　glorify　the　soldier　as　the　man　absolutely



unincumbered。　　Owning　nothi