the spirit of laws-第134部分

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2。　When　the　default　was　owing　to　the　lord；　which　was　the　case　whenever　there　happened　not　to　be　a　sufficient　number　of　peers　in　his　court　to　pass　judgment；　or　when　he　had　not　assembled　his　tenants　or　appointed　somebody　in　his　place　to　assemble　them；　an　appeal　might　be　made　of　the　default　before　the　lord　paramount；　but　then　the　party　and　not　the　lord　was　summoned；　because　of　the　respect　due　to　the　latter。＇209＇

The　lord　demanded　to　be　tried　before　the　paramount；　and　if　he　was　acquitted　of　the　default；　the　cause　was　remanded　to　him；　and　he　was　likewise　paid　a　fine　of　sixty　livres。＇210＇　But　if　the　default　was　proved；　the　penalty　inflicted　on　him　was　to　lose　the　trial　of　the　cause；＇211＇　which　was　to　be　then　determined　in　the　superior　court。　And；　indeed；　the　complaint　of　default　was　made　with　no　other　view。

3。　If　the　lord　was　sued　in　his　own　court；＇212＇　which　never　happened　but　upon　disputes　in　relation　to　the　fief；　after　letting　all　the　delays　pass；　the　lord　himself　was　summoned　before　the　peers　in　the　sovereign's　name；＇213＇　whose　permission　was　necessary　on　that　occasion。　The　peers　did　not　make　the　summons　in　their　own　name；　because　they　could　not　summon　their　lord；　but　they　could　summon　for　their　lord。＇214＇

Sometimes　the　appeal　of　default　of　justice　was　followed　by　an　appeal　of　false　judgment；　when　the　lord　had　caused　judgment　to　be　passed；　notwithstanding　the　default。＇215＇

The　vassal　who　had　wrongfully　challenged　his　lord　of　default　of　justice　was　sentenced　to　pay　a　fine　according　to　his　lord's　pleasure。＇216＇

The　inhabitants　of　Gaunt　had　challenged　the　Earl　of　Flanders　of　default　of　justice　before　the　king；　for　having　delayed　to　give　judgment　in　his　own　court。＇217＇　Upon　examination　it　was　found　that　he　had　used　fewer　delays　than　even　the　custom　of　the　country　allowed。　They　were　therefore　remanded　to　him；　upon　which　their　effects　to　the　value　of　sixty　thousand　livres　were　seized。　They　returned　to　the　king's　court　in　order　to　have　the　fine　moderated；　but　it　was　decided　that　the　earl　might　insist　upon　the　fine；　and　even　upon　more　if　he　pleased。　Beaumanoir　was　present　at　those　judgments。

4。　In　other　disputes　which　the　lord　might　have　with　his　vassal；　in　respect　to　the　person　or　honour　of　the　latter；　or　to　property　that　did　not　belong　to　the　fief；　there　was　no　room　for　a　challenge　of　default　of　justice；　because　the　cause　was　not　tried　in　the　lord's　court；　but　in　that　of　the　paramount：　vassals；　says　Défontaines；＇218＇　having　no　power　to　give　judgment　on　the　person　of　their　lord。

I　have　been　at　some　trouble　to　give　a　clear　idea　of　those　things；　which　are　so　obscure　and　confused　in　ancient　authors　that　to　disentangle　them　from　the　chaos　in　which　they　were　involved　may　be　reckoned　a　new　discovery。

29。　Epoch　of　the　Reign　of　St。　Louis。　St。　Louis　abolished　the　judicial　combats　in　all　the　courts　of　his　demesne；　as　appears　by　the　ordinance　he　published　thereupon；＇219＇　and　by　the　Institutions。＇220＇

But　he　did　not　suppress　them　in　the　courts　of　his　barons；　except　in　the　case　of　challenge　of　false　judgment。＇221＇

A　vassal　could　not　challenge　the　court　of　his　lord　of　false　judgment；　without　demanding　a　judicial　combat　against　the　judges　who　pronounced　sentence。　But　St。　Louis　introduced　the　practice　of　challenging　of　false　judgment　without　fighting；　a　change　that　may　be　reckoned　a　kind　of　revolution。＇222＇

He　declared＇223＇　that　there　should　be　no　challenge　of　false　judgment　in　the　lordships　of　his　demesnes；　because　it　was　a　crime　of　felony。　In　reality；　if　it　was　a　kind　of　felony　against　the　lord；　by　a　much　stronger　reason　it　was　felony　against　the　king。　But　he　consented　that　they　might　demand　an　amendment＇224＇　of　the　judgments　passed　in　his　courts；　not　because　they　were　false　or　iniquitous；　but　because　they　did　some　prejudice。＇225＇　On　the　contrary；　he　ordained　that　they　should　be　obliged　to　make　a　challenge　of　false　judgment　against　the　courts　of　the　barons；＇226＇　in　case　of　any　complaint。

It　was　not　allowed　by　the　Institutions；　as　we　have　already　observed；　to　bring　a　challenge　of　false　judgment　against　the　courts　in　the　king's　demesnes。　They　were　obliged　to　demand　an　amendment　before　the　same　court；　and　in　case　the　bailiff　refused　the　amendment　demanded；　the　king　gave　leave　to　make　an　appeal　to　his　court；＇227＇　or　rather；　interpreting　the　Institutions　by　themselves；　to　present　him　a　request　or　petition。＇228＇

With　regard　to　the　courts　of　the　lords；　St。　Louis；　by　permitting　them　to　be　challenged　of　false　judgment；　would　have　the　cause　brought　before　the　royal　tribunal；＇229＇　or　that　of　the　lord　paramount；　not　to　be　decided　by　duel＇230＇　but　by　witnesses；　pursuant　to　a　certain　form　of　proceeding；　the　rules　of　which　he　laid　down　in　the　Institutions。＇231＇

Thus；　whether　they　could　falsify　the　judgment；　as　in　the　court　of　the　barons；　or　whether　they　could　not　falsify；　as　in　the　court　of　his　demesnes；　he　ordained　that　they　might　appeal　without　the　hazard　of　a　duel。

Défontaines＇232＇　gives　us　the　first　two　examples　he　ever　saw；　in　which　they　proceeded　thus　without　a　legal　duel：　one；　in　a　cause　tried　at　the　court　of　St。　Quentin；　which　belonged　to　the　king's　demesne；　and　the　other；　in　the　court　of　Ponthieu；　where　the　count；　who　was　present；　opposed　the　ancient　jurisprudence：　but　these　two　causes　were　decided　by　law。

Here；　perhaps；　it　will　be　asked　why　St。　Louis　ordained　for　the　courts　of　his　barons　a　different　form　of　proceeding　from　that　which　he　had　established　in　the　courts　of　his　demesne？　The　reason　is　this：　when　St。　Louis　made　the　regulation　for　the　courts　of　his　demesnes；　he　was　not　checked　or　limited　in　his　views：　but　he　had　measures　to　keep　with　the　lords　who　enjoyed　this　ancient　prerogative；　that　causes　should　not　be　removed　from　their　courts；　unless　the　party　was　willing　to　expose　himself　to　the　dangers　of　an　appeal　of　false　judgment。　St。　Louis　preserved　the　usage　of　this　appeal；　but　he　ordained　that　it　should　be　made　without　a　judicial　combat；　that　is；　in　order　to　make　the　change　less　felt；　he　suppressed　the　thing；　and　continued　the　terms。

This　regulation　was　not　universally　received　in　the　courts　of　the　lords。　Beaumanoir　says＇233＇　that　in　his　time　there　were　two　ways　of　trying　causes；　one　according　to　the　king's　establishment；　and　the　other　pursuant　to　the　ancient　practice；　that　the　lords　were　at　liberty　to　follow　which　way　they　pleased；　but　when　they　had　pitched　upon　one　in　any　cause；　they　could　not　afterwards　have　recourse　to　the　other。　He　adds；＇234＇　that　the　Count　of　Clermont　followed　the　new　practice；　while　his　vassals　kept　to　the　old　one；　but　that　it　was　in　his　power　to　reestablish　the　ancient　practice　whenever　he　pleased；　otherwise　he　would　have　less　authority　than　his　vassals。

It　is　proper　here　to　observe　that　France　was　at　that　time　divided　into　the　country　of　the　king's　demesne；　and　that　which　was　called　the　country　of　the　barons；　or　the　baronies；　and；　to　make　use　of　the　terms　of　St。　Louis'　Institutions；　into　the　country　under　obedience　to　the　king；　and　the　country　out　of　his　obedience。＇235＇　When　the　king　made　ordinances　for　the　country　of　his　demesne；　he　employed　his　own　single　authority。　But　when　he　published　any　ordinances　that　concerned　also　the　country　of　his　barons；　these　were　made　in　concert　with　them；＇236＇　or　sealed　and　subscribed　by　them：　otherwise　the　barons　received　or　refused　them；　according　as　they　seemed　conducive　to　the　good　of　their　baronies。　The　rear…vassals　were　upon　the　same　terms　with　the　great…vassals。　Now　the　Institutions　were　not　made　with　the　consent　of　the　lords；　though　they　regulated　matters　which　to　them　were　of　great　importance：　but　they　were　received　only　by　those　who　believed　they　would　redound　to　their　advantage。　Robert；　son　of　St。　Louis；　received　them　in　his　county　of　Clermont；　yet　his　vassals　did　not　think　proper　to　conform　to　this　practice。

30。　Observation　on　Appeals。　I　apprehend　that　appeals；　which　were　challenges　to　a　combat；　must　have　been　made　immediately　on　the　spot。　〃If　the　party　leaves　the　court　without　appealing；〃　says　Beaumanoir；＇237＇　〃he　loses　his　appeal；　and　the　judgment　stands　good。〃　This　continued　still　in　force；　even　after　all　the　restrictions　of　judicial　combat。＇238＇

31。　The　same　Subject　continued。　The　villain　could　not　bring　a　challenge　of　false　judgment　against　the　court　of　his　lord。　This　we　learn　from　Défontaines；＇239＇　and　he　is　confirmed　moreover　by　the　Institutions。＇240＇　Hence　Défontaines　says；＇241＇　〃between　the　lord　and　his　villain　there　is　no　other　judge　but　God。〃

It　was　the　custom　of　judicial　combats　that　deprived　the　villains　of　the　privilege　of　challenging　their　lord's　court　of　false　judgment。　And　so　true　is　this；　that　those　villains＇242＇　who　by　charter　or　custom　had　a　right　to　fight　had　also　the　privilege　of　challenging　their　lord's　court　of　false　judgment；　even　though　the　peers　who　tried　them　were　gentlemen；＇243＇　and　Défontaines　proposes　expedients　to　gentlemen　in　order　to　avoid　the　scandal　of　fighting　with　a　villain　by　whom　they　had　been　challenged　of　false　judgment。＇244＇

As　the　practice　of　judicial　combats　began　to　decline；　and　the　usage　of　new　appeals　to　be　introduced；　it　was　reckoned　unfair　that　freemen　should　have　a　remedy　against　the　injustice　of　the　courts　of　their　lords；　and　the　villains　should　not；　hence　the　parliam