the spirit of laws-第149部分

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old　themselves　during　the　famine。　The　king　orders　them　to　be　ransomed。　This　is　because　those　who　were　manumitted　by　the　king's　letters＇87＇　did　not；　generally　speaking；　acquire　a　full　and　perfect　liberty。＇88＇　but　they　paid　censum　in　capite；　and　these　are　the　people　here　meant。

We　must；　therefore；　waive　the　idea　of　a　general　and　universal　census；　derived　from　that　of　the　Romans；　from　which　the　rights　of　the　lords　are　also　supposed　to　have　been　derived　by　usurpation。　What　was　called　census　in　the　French　monarchy；　independently　of　the　abuse　made　of　that　word；　was　a　particular　tax　imposed　on　the　bondmen　by　their　masters。

I　beg　the　reader　to　excuse　the　trouble　I　must　give　him　with　such　a　number　of　citations。　I　should　be　more　concise　did　I　not　meet　with　the　Abbé　du　Bos'　book　on　the　establishment　of　the　French　monarchy　in　Gaul；　continually　in　my　way。　Nothing　is　a　greater　obstacle　to　our　progress　in　knowledge　than　a　bad　performance　of　a　celebrated　author；　because；　before　we　instruct；　we　must　begin　with　undeceiving。

16。　Of　the　feudal　Lords　or　Vassals。　I　have　noticed　those　volunteers　among　the　Germans；　who　have　followed　their　princes　in　their　several　expeditions。　The　same　usage　continued　after　the　conquest。　Tacitus　mentions　them　by　the　name　of　companions；＇89＇　the　Salic　law　by　that　of　men　who　have　vowed　fealty　to　the　king；＇90＇　the　formularies　of　Marculfus＇91＇　by　that　of　the　king's　Antrustios；＇92＇　the　earliest　French　historians　by　that　of　Leudes；＇93＇　faithful　and　loyal；　and　those　of　later　date　by　that　of　vassals　and　lords。＇94＇

In　the　Salic　and　Ripuarian　laws　we　meet　with　an　infinite　number　of　regulations　in　regard　to　the　Franks；　and　only　with　a　few　for　the　Antrustios。　The　regulations　concerning　the　Antrustios　are　different　from　those　which　were　made　for　the　other　Franks；　they　are　full　of　what　relates　to　the　settling　of　the　property　of　the　Franks；　but　mention　not　a　word　concerning　that　of　the　Antrustios。　This　is　because　the　property　of　the　latter　was　regulated　rather　by　the　political　than　by　the　civil　law；　and　was　the　share　that　fell　to　an　army；　and　not　the　patrimony　of　a　family。

The　goods　reserved　for　the　feudal　lords　were　called　fiscal　goods；　benefices；　honours；　and　fiefs；　by　different　authors；　and　in　different　times。＇95＇

There　is　no　doubt　but　the　fiefs　at　first　were　at　will。＇96＇　We　find　in　Gregory　of　Tours＇97＇　that　Sunegisilus　and　Gallomanus　were　deprived　of　all　they　held　of　the　exchequer；　and　no　more　was　left　them　than　their　real　property。　When　Gontram　raised　his　nephew　Childebert　to　the　throne；　he　had　a　private　conference　with　him；　in　which　he　named　the　persons　who　ought　to　be　honoured　with；　and　those　who　ought　to　be　deprived　of；　the　fiefs。＇98＇　In　a　formulary　of　Marculfus；＇99＇　the　king　gives　in　exchange；　not　only　the　benefices　held　by　his　exchequer；　but　likewise　those　which　had　been　held　by　another。　The　law　of　the　Lombards　opposes　the　benefices　to　property。＇100＇　In　this；　our　historians；　the　formularies；　the　codes　of　the　different　barbarous　nations　and　all　the　monuments　of　those　days　are　unanimous。　In　fine；　the　writers　of　the　book　of　fiefs　inform　us＇101＇　that　at　first　the　lords　could　take　them　back　when　they　pleased；　that　afterwards　they　granted　them　for　the　space　of　a　year；＇102＇　and　that　at　length　they　gave　them　for　life。

17。　Of　the　military　Service　of　Freemen。　Two　sorts　of　people　were　bound　to　military　service；　the　great　and　lesser　vassals；　who　were　obliged　in　consequence　of　their　fief；　and　the　freemen；　whether　Franks；　Romans；　or　Gauls；　who　served　under　the　count　and　were　commanded　by　him　and　his　officers。

The　name　of　freemen　was　given　to　those；　who　on　the　one　hand　had　no　benefits　or　fiefs；　and　on　the　other　were　not　subject　to　the　base　services　of　villainage；　the　lands　they　possessed　were　what　they　called　allodial　estates。

The　counts　assembled　the　freemen；＇103＇　and　led　them　against　the　enemy；　they　had　officers　under　them　who　were　called　vicars；＇104＇　and　as　all　the　freemen　were　divided　into　hundreds；　which　constituted　what　they　called　a　borough；　the　counts　had　also　officers　under　them；　who　were　denominated　centenarii；　and　led　the　freemen　of　the　borough；　or　their　hundreds；　to　the　field。＇105＇

This　division　into　hundreds　is　posterior　to　the　establishment　of　the　Franks　in　Gaul。　It　was　made　by　Clotharius　and　Childebert；　with　a　view　of　obliging　each　district　to　answer　for　the　robberies　committed　in　their　division；　this　we　find　in　the　decrees　of　those　princes。＇106＇　A　regulation　of　this　kind　is　to　this　very　day　observed　in　England。

As　the　counts　led　the　freemen　against　the　enemy；　the　feudal　lords　commanded　also　their　vassals　or　rear…vassals；　and　the　bishops；　abbots；　or　their　advocates＇107＇　likewise　commanded　theirs。＇108＇

The　bishops　were　greatly　embarrassed　and　inconsistent　with　themselves；＇109＇　they　requested　Charlemagne　not　to　oblige　them　any　longer　to　military　service；　and　when　he　granted　their　request；　they　complained　that　he　had　deprived　them　of　the　public　esteem；　so　that　this　prince　was　obliged　to　justify　his　intentions　upon　this　head。　Be　that　as　it　may；　when　they　were　exempted　from　marching　against　the　enemy；　I　do　not　find　that　their　vassals　were　led　by　the　counts；　on　the　contrary；　we　see　that　the　kings　or　the　bishops　chose　one　of　their　feudatories　to　conduct　them。＇110＇

In　a　Capitulary　of　Louis　the　Debonnaire；＇111＇　this　prince　distinguishes　three　sorts　of　vassals；　those　belonging　to　the　king；　those　to　the　bishops；　and　those　to　the　counts。　The　vassals　of　a　feudal　lord　were　not　led　against　the　enemy　by　the　count；　except　some　employment　in　the　king's　household　hindered　the　lord　himself　from　commanding　them。＇112＇

But　who　is　it　that　led　the　feudal　lords　into　the　field？　No　doubt　the　king　himself；　who　was？　always　at　the　head　of　his　faithful　vassals。　Hence　we　constantly　find　in　the　capitularies　a　distinction　made　between　the　king's　vassals　and　those　of　the　bishops；＇113＇　Such　brave　and　magnanimous　princes　as　our　kings　did　not　take　the　field　to　put　themselves　at　the　head　of　an　ecclesiastic　militia；　these　were　not　the　men　they　chose　to　conquer　or　to　die　with。

But　these　lords　likewise　carried　their　vassals　and　rear…vassals　with　them；　as　we　can　prove　by　the　capitulary　in　which　Charlemagne　ordains　that　every　freeman　who　has　four　manors；　either　in　his　own　property　or　as　a　benefice　from　somebody　else；　should　march　against　the　enemy　or　follow　his　lord。＇114＇　It　is　evident　that　Charlemagne　means　that　the　person　who　had　a　manor　of　his　own　should　march　under　the　count　and　he　who　held　a　benefice　of　a　lord　should　set　out　along　with　him。

And　yet　the　Abbé　du　Bos　pretends＇115＇　that；　when　mention　is　made　in　the　capitularies　of　tenants　who　depended　on　a　particular　lord；　no　others　are　meant　than　bondmen；　and　he　grounds　his　opinion　on　the　law　of　the　Visigoths　and　the　practice　of　that　nation。　It　is　much　better　to　rely　on　the　capitularies　themselves；　that　which　I　have　just　quoted　says　expressly　the　contrary。　The　treaty　between　Charles　the　Bald　and　his　brothers　notices　also　those　freemen　who　might　choose　to　follow　either　a　lord　or　the　king；　and　this　regulation　is　conformable　to　a　great　many　others。

We　may；　therefore；　conclude　that　there　were　three　sorts　of　military　services；　that　of　the　king's　vassals；　who　had　other　vassals　under　them；　that　of　the　bishops　or　of　the　other　clergy　and　their　vassals；　and；　in　fine；　that　of　the　count；　who　commanded　the　freemen。

Not　but　the　vassals　might　be　also　subject　to　the　count；　as　those　who　have　a　particular　command　are　subordinate　to　him　who　is　invested　with　a　more　general　authority。

We　even　find　that　the　count　and　the　king's　commissaries　might　oblige　them　to　pay　the　fine　when　they　had　not　fulfilled　the　engagements　of　their　fief。　In　like　manner；　if　the　king's　vassals　committed　any　outrage＇116＇　they　were　subject　to　the　correction　of　the　count；　unless　they　choose　to　submit　rather　to　that　of　the　king。

18。　Of　the　double　Service。　It　was　a　fundamental　principle　of　the　monarchy　that　whosoever　was　subject　to　the　military　power　of　another　person　was　subject　also　to　his　civil　jurisdiction。　Thus　the　Capitulary　of　Louis　the　Debonnaire；＇117＇　in　the　year　815；　makes　the　military　power　of　the　count　and　his　civil　jurisdiction　over　the　freemen　keep　always　an　equal　pace。　Thus　the　placita＇118＇　of　the　count　who　carried　the　freemen　against　the　enemy　were　called　the　placita　of　the　freemen；＇119＇　whence　undoubtedly　came　this　maxim；　that　the　questions　relating　to　liberty　could　be　decided　only　in　the　count's　placita；　and　not　in　those　of　his　officers。　Thus　the　count　never　led　the　vassals＇120＇　belonging　to　the　bishops；　or　to　the　abbots；　against　the　enemy；　because　they　were　not　subject　to　his　civil　jurisdiction。　Thus　he　never　commanded　the　rear…vassals　belonging　to　the　king's　vassals。　Thus　the　glossary　of　the　English　laws　informs　us＇121＇　that　those　to　whom　the　Saxons　gave　the　name　of　Coples＇122＇　were　by　the　Normans　called　counts；　or　companions；　because　they　shared　the　justiciary　fines　with　the　king。　Thus　we　see　that　at　all　times　the　duty　of　a　vassal　towards　his　lord＇123＇　was　to　bear　arms＇124＇　and　to　try　his　peers　in　his　court。

One　of　the　reasons　which　produced　this　connection　between　the　judiciary　right　and　that　of　leading　the　forces　against　the　enemy　was　because　the　person　who　led　them　exacted　at　the　same　time　t