ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡
the spirit of laws-µÚ19²¿·Ö
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿! Èç¹û±¾ÊéûÓÐÔĶÁÍ꣬ÏëÏ´μÌÐø½Ó×ÅÔĶÁ£¬¿ÉʹÓÃÉÏ·½ "Êղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷" ¹¦ÄÜ ºÍ "¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©" ¹¦ÄÜ£¡
s¡¡with¡¡the¡¡public¡¡treasure¡¡is¡¡with¡¡them¡¡the¡¡same¡¡thing¡¡almost¡¡as¡¡enjoying¡¡it¡£¡¡The¡¡golden¡¡chain¡¡displayed¡¡at¡¡Venice£»¡¡the¡¡riches¡¡exhibited¡¡at¡¡Rome¡¡in¡¡public¡¡triumphs£»¡¡the¡¡treasures¡¡preserved¡¡in¡¡the¡¡temple¡¡of¡¡Saturn£»¡¡were¡¡in¡¡reality¡¡the¡¡wealth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡£
It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡very¡¡essential¡¡point¡¡in¡¡an¡¡aristocracy¡¡that¡¡the¡¡nobles¡¡themselves¡¡should¡¡not¡¡levy¡¡the¡¡taxes¡£¡¡The¡¡first¡¡order¡¡of¡¡the¡¡state¡¡in¡¡Rome¡¡never¡¡concerned¡¡themselves¡¡with¡¡it£»¡¡the¡¡levying¡¡of¡¡the¡¡taxes¡¡was¡¡committed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡second£»¡¡and¡¡even¡¡this¡¡in¡¡process¡¡of¡¡time¡¡was¡¡attended¡¡with¡¡great¡¡inconveniences¡£¡¡In¡¡an¡¡aristocracy¡¡of¡¡this¡¡kind£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡nobles¡¡levied¡¡the¡¡taxes£»¡¡the¡¡private¡¡people¡¡would¡¡be¡¡all¡¡at¡¡the¡¡discretion¡¡of¡¡persons¡¡in¡¡public¡¡employments£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡would¡¡be¡¡no¡¡such¡¡thing¡¡as¡¡a¡¡superior¡¡tribunal¡¡to¡¡check¡¡their¡¡power¡£¡¡The¡¡members¡¡appointed¡¡to¡¡remove¡¡the¡¡abuses¡¡would¡¡rather¡¡enjoy¡¡them¡£¡¡The¡¡nobles¡¡would¡¡be¡¡like¡¡the¡¡princes¡¡of¡¡despotic¡¡governments£»¡¡who¡¡confiscate¡¡whatever¡¡estates¡¡they¡¡please¡£
Soon¡¡would¡¡the¡¡profits¡¡hence¡¡arising¡¡be¡¡considered¡¡as¡¡a¡¡patrimony£»¡¡which¡¡avarice¡¡would¡¡enlarge¡¡at¡¡pleasure¡£¡¡The¡¡farms¡¡would¡¡be¡¡lowered£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡public¡¡revenues¡¡reduced¡¡to¡¡nothing¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡the¡¡reason¡¡that¡¡some¡¡governments£»¡¡without¡¡having¡¡ever¡¡received¡¡any¡¡remarkable¡¡shock£»¡¡have¡¡dwindled¡¡away¡¡to¡¡such¡¡a¡¡degree¡¡as¡¡not¡¡only¡¡their¡¡neighbours£»¡¡but¡¡even¡¡their¡¡own¡¡subjects£»¡¡have¡¡been¡¡surprised¡¡at¡¡it¡£
The¡¡laws¡¡should¡¡likewise¡¡forbid¡¡the¡¡nobles¡¡all¡¡kinds¡¡of¡¡commerce£º¡¡merchants¡¡of¡¡such¡¡unbounded¡¡credit¡¡would¡¡monopolise¡¡all¡¡to¡¡themselves¡£¡¡Commerce¡¡is¡¡a¡¡profession¡¡of¡¡people¡¡who¡¡are¡¡upon¡¡an¡¡equality£»¡¡hence¡¡among¡¡despotic¡¡states¡¡the¡¡most¡¡miserable¡¡are¡¡those¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡prince¡¡applies¡¡himself¡¡to¡¡trade¡£
The¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡Venice¡¡debar£§24£§¡¡the¡¡nobles¡¡from¡¡commerce£»¡¡by¡¡which¡¡they¡¡might¡¡even¡¡innocently¡¡acquire¡¡exorbitant¡¡wealth¡£
The¡¡laws¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡employ¡¡the¡¡most¡¡effectual¡¡means¡¡for¡¡making¡¡the¡¡nobles¡¡do¡¡justice¡¡to¡¡the¡¡people¡£¡¡If¡¡they¡¡have¡¡not¡¡established¡¡a¡¡tribune£»¡¡they¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡tribune¡¡themselves¡£
Every¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡asylum¡¡in¡¡opposition¡¡to¡¡the¡¡execution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡destroys¡¡aristocracy£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡soon¡¡succeeded¡¡by¡¡tyranny¡£¡¡They¡¡ought¡¡always¡¡to¡¡mortify¡¡the¡¡lust¡¡of¡¡dominion¡£¡¡There¡¡should¡¡be¡¡either¡¡a¡¡temporary¡¡or¡¡perpetual¡¡magistrate¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡the¡¡nobles¡¡in¡¡awe£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Ephori¡¡at¡¡Sparta¡¡and¡¡the¡¡State¡¡Inquisitors¡¡at¡¡Venice¡¡¡¡magistrates¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡no¡¡formalities¡£¡¡This¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡government¡¡stands¡¡in¡¡need¡¡of¡¡the¡¡strongest¡¡springs£º¡¡thus¡¡a¡¡mouth¡¡of¡¡stone£§25£§¡¡is¡¡open¡¡to¡¡every¡¡informer¡¡at¡¡Venice¡¡¡¡a¡¡mouth¡¡to¡¡which¡¡one¡¡would¡¡be¡¡apt¡¡to¡¡give¡¡the¡¡appellation¡¡of¡¡tyranny¡£
These¡¡arbitrary¡¡magistrates¡¡in¡¡an¡¡aristocracy¡¡bear¡¡some¡¡analogy¡¡to¡¡the¡¡censorship¡¡in¡¡democracies£»¡¡which¡¡of¡¡its¡¡own¡¡nature¡¡is¡¡equally¡¡independent¡£¡¡And£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡the¡¡censors¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡no¡¡inquiry¡¡in¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡their¡¡conduct¡¡during¡¡their¡¡office£»¡¡they¡¡should¡¡meet¡¡with¡¡a¡¡thorough¡¡confidence£»¡¡and¡¡never¡¡be¡¡discouraged¡£¡¡In¡¡this¡¡respect¡¡the¡¡practice¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡deserved¡¡admiration£»¡¡magistrates¡¡of¡¡all¡¡denominations¡¡were¡¡accountable¡¡for¡¡their¡¡administration£»£§26£§¡¡except¡¡the¡¡censors¡££§27£§
There¡¡are¡¡two¡¡very¡¡pernicious¡¡things¡¡in¡¡an¡¡aristocracy¡¡¡¡excess¡¡either¡¡of¡¡poverty£»¡¡or¡¡of¡¡wealth¡¡in¡¡the¡¡nobility¡£¡¡To¡¡prevent¡¡their¡¡poverty£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡necessary£»¡¡above¡¡all¡¡things£»¡¡to¡¡oblige¡¡them¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡their¡¡debts¡¡in¡¡time¡£¡¡To¡¡moderate¡¡the¡¡excess¡¡of¡¡wealth£»¡¡prudent¡¡and¡¡gradual¡¡regulations¡¡should¡¡be¡¡made£»¡¡but¡¡no¡¡confiscations£»¡¡no¡¡agrarian¡¡laws£»¡¡no¡¡expunging¡¡of¡¡debts£»¡¡these¡¡are¡¡productive¡¡of¡¡infinite¡¡mischief¡£
The¡¡laws¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡abolish¡¡the¡¡right¡¡of¡¡primogeniture¡¡among¡¡the¡¡nobles£§28£§¡¡to¡¡the¡¡end¡¡that¡¡by¡¡a¡¡continual¡¡division¡¡of¡¡the¡¡inheritances¡¡their¡¡fortunes¡¡may¡¡be¡¡always¡¡upon¡¡a¡¡level¡£
There¡¡should¡¡be¡¡no¡¡substitutions£»¡¡no¡¡powers¡¡of¡¡redemption£»¡¡no¡¡rights¡¡of¡¡Majorasgo£»¡¡or¡¡adoption¡£¡¡The¡¡contrivances¡¡for¡¡perpetuating¡¡the¡¡grandeur¡¡of¡¡families¡¡in¡¡monarchical¡¡governments¡¡ought¡¡never¡¡to¡¡be¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡aristocracies¡££§29£§
When¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡have¡¡compassed¡¡the¡¡equality¡¡of¡¡families£»¡¡the¡¡next¡¡thing¡¡is¡¡to¡¡preserve¡¡a¡¡proper¡¡harmony¡¡and¡¡union¡¡among¡¡them¡£¡¡The¡¡quarrels¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nobility¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡quickly¡¡decided£»¡¡otherwise¡¡the¡¡contests¡¡of¡¡individuals¡¡become¡¡those¡¡of¡¡families¡£¡¡Arbiters¡¡may¡¡terminate£»¡¡or¡¡even¡¡prevent£»¡¡the¡¡rise¡¡ot¡¡disputes¡£
In¡¡fine£»¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡must¡¡not¡¡favour¡¡the¡¡distinctions¡¡raised¡¡by¡¡vanity¡¡among¡¡families£»¡¡under¡¡pretence¡¡that¡¡they¡¡are¡¡more¡¡noble¡¡or¡¡ancient¡¡than¡¡others¡£¡¡Pretences¡¡of¡¡this¡¡nature¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡ranked¡¡among¡¡the¡¡weaknesses¡¡of¡¡private¡¡persons¡£
We¡¡have¡¡only¡¡to¡¡cast¡¡an¡¡eye¡¡upon¡¡Sparta£»¡¡there¡¡we¡¡may¡¡see¡¡how¡¡the¡¡Ephori¡¡contrived¡¡to¡¡check¡¡the¡¡foibles¡¡of¡¡the¡¡kings£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nobility¡¡and¡¡common¡¡people¡£
9¡£¡¡In¡¡what¡¡Manner¡¡the¡¡Laws¡¡are¡¡in¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡their¡¡Principle¡¡in¡¡Monarchies¡£¡¡As¡¡honour¡¡is¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡a¡¡monarchical¡¡government£»¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡in¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡this¡¡principle¡£
They¡¡should¡¡endeavour¡¡to¡¡support¡¡the¡¡nobility£»¡¡in¡¡respect¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡honour¡¡may¡¡be£»¡¡in¡¡some¡¡measure£»¡¡deemed¡¡both¡¡child¡¡and¡¡parent¡£
They¡¡should¡¡render¡¡the¡¡nobility¡¡hereditary£»¡¡not¡¡as¡¡a¡¡boundary¡¡between¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡the¡¡prince¡¡and¡¡the¡¡weakness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡but¡¡as¡¡the¡¡link¡¡which¡¡connects¡¡them¡¡both¡£
In¡¡this¡¡government£»¡¡substitutions¡¡which¡¡preserve¡¡the¡¡estates¡¡of¡¡families¡¡undivided¡¡are¡¡extremely¡¡useful£»¡¡though¡¡in¡¡others¡¡not¡¡so¡¡proper¡£
Here¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡redemption¡¡is¡¡of¡¡service£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡restores¡¡to¡¡noble¡¡families¡¡the¡¡lands¡¡that¡¡had¡¡been¡¡alienated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡prodigality¡¡of¡¡a¡¡parent¡£
The¡¡land¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nobility¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡have¡¡privileges¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡their¡¡persons¡£¡¡The¡¡monarch's¡¡dignity¡¡is¡¡inseparable¡¡from¡¡that¡¡of¡¡his¡¡kingdom£»¡¡and¡the¡¡dignity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nobleman¡¡from¡¡that¡¡of¡¡his¡¡fief¡£
All¡¡these¡¡privileges¡¡must¡¡be¡¡peculiar¡¡to¡¡the¡¡nobility£»¡¡and¡¡incommunicable¡¡to¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡unless¡¡we¡¡intend¡¡to¡¡act¡¡contrary¡¡to¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡government£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡diminish¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nobles¡¡together¡¡with¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡£
Substitutions¡¡are¡¡a¡¡restraint¡¡to¡¡commerce£»¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡redemption¡¡produces¡¡an¡¡infinite¡¡number¡¡of¡¡processes£»¡¡every¡¡estate¡¡in¡¡land¡¡that¡¡is¡¡sold¡¡throughout¡¡the¡¡kingdom¡¡is¡¡in¡¡some¡¡measure¡¡without¡¡an¡¡owner¡¡for¡¡the¡¡space¡¡of¡¡a¡¡year¡£¡¡Privileges¡¡annexed¡¡to¡¡fiefs¡¡give¡¡a¡¡power¡¡very¡¡burdensome¡¡to¡¡those¡¡governments¡¡which¡¡tolerate¡¡them¡£¡¡These¡¡are¡¡the¡¡inconveniences¡¡of¡¡nobility¡¡¡¡inconveniences£»¡¡however£»¡¡that¡¡vanish¡¡when¡¡confronted¡¡with¡¡its¡¡general¡¡utility£º¡¡but¡¡when¡¡these¡¡privileges¡¡are¡¡communicated¡¡to¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡every¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡government¡¡is¡¡wantonly¡¡violated¡£
In¡¡monarchies¡¡a¡¡person¡¡may¡¡leave¡¡the¡¡bulk¡¡of¡¡his¡¡estate¡¡to¡¡one¡¡of¡¡his¡¡children¡¡¡¡a¡¡permission¡¡improper¡¡in¡¡any¡¡other¡¡government¡£
The¡¡laws¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡favour¡¡all¡¡kinds¡¡of¡¡commerce£§30£§¡¡consistent¡¡with¡¡the¡¡constitution£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡end¡¡that¡¡the¡¡subjects¡¡may£»¡¡without¡¡ruining¡¡themselves£»¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡satisfy¡¡the¡¡continual¡¡cravings¡¡of¡¡the¡¡prince¡¡and¡¡his¡¡court¡£
They¡¡should¡¡establish¡¡some¡¡regulation¡¡that¡¡the¡¡manner¡¡of¡¡collecting¡¡the¡¡taxes¡¡may¡¡not¡¡be¡¡more¡¡burdensome¡¡than¡¡the¡¡taxes¡¡themselves¡£
The¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡duties¡¡produces¡¡labour£»¡¡labour¡¡weariness£»¡¡and¡¡weariness¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡indolence¡£
10¡£¡¡Of¡¡the¡¡Expedition¡¡peculiar¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Executive¡¡Power¡¡in¡¡Monarchies¡£¡¡Great¡¡is¡¡the¡¡advantage¡¡which¡¡a¡¡monarchical¡¡government¡¡has¡¡over¡¡a¡¡republic£º¡¡as¡¡the¡¡state¡¡is¡¡conducted¡¡by¡¡a¡¡single¡¡person£»¡¡the¡¡executive¡¡power¡¡is¡¡thereby¡¡enabled¡¡to¡¡act¡¡with¡¡greater¡¡expedition¡£¡¡But¡¡as¡¡this¡¡expedition¡¡may¡¡degenerate¡¡into¡¡rapidity£»¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡should¡¡use¡¡some¡¡contrivance¡¡to¡¡slacken¡¡it¡£¡¡They¡¡ought¡¡not¡¡only¡¡to¡¡favour¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡each¡¡constitution£»¡¡but¡¡likewise¡¡to¡¡remedy¡¡the¡¡abuses¡¡that¡¡might¡¡result¡¡from¡¡this¡¡very¡¡nature¡£
Cardinal¡¡Richelieu£§31£§¡¡advises¡¡monarchs¡¡to¡¡permit¡¡no¡¡such¡¡things¡¡as¡¡societies¡¡or¡¡communities¡¡that¡¡raise¡¡difficulties¡¡upon¡¡every¡¡trifle¡£¡¡If¡¡this¡¡man's¡¡heart¡¡had¡¡not¡¡been¡¡bewitched¡¡with¡¡the¡¡love¡¡of¡¡despotic¡¡power£»¡¡still¡¡these¡¡arbitrary¡¡notions¡¡would¡¡have¡¡filled¡¡his¡¡head¡£
The¡¡bodies¡¡entrusted¡¡with¡¡the¡¡deposition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡are¡¡never¡¡more¡¡obedient¡¡than¡¡when¡¡they¡¡proceed¡¡slowly£»¡¡and¡¡use¡¡that¡¡reflection¡¡in¡¡the¡¡prince's¡¡affairs¡¡which¡¡can¡¡scarcely¡¡be¡¡expected¡¡from¡¡the¡¡ignorance¡¡of¡¡a¡¡court£»¡¡or¡¡from¡¡the¡¡precipitation¡¡of¡¡its¡¡councils¡££§32£§
What¡¡would¡¡have¡¡become¡¡of¡¡the¡¡finest¡¡monarchy¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world¡¡if¡¡the¡¡magistrates£»¡¡by¡¡their¡¡delays£»¡¡their¡¡complaints£»¡¡and¡¡entreaties£»¡¡had¡¡not¡¡checked¡¡the¡¡rapidity¡¡even¡¡of¡¡their¡¡princes'¡¡virtues£»¡¡when¡¡these¡¡monarchs£»¡¡consulting¡¡only¡¡the¡¡generous¡¡impulse¡¡of¡¡their¡¡minds£»¡¡would¡¡fain¡¡have¡¡given¡¡a¡¡boundless¡¡reward¡¡to¡¡services¡¡performed¡¡with¡¡an¡¡unlimited¡¡courage¡¡and¡¡fidelity£¿
11¡£¡¡Of¡¡the¡¡Excellence¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Monarchical¡¡Government¡£¡¡Monarchy¡¡has¡¡a¡¡great¡¡advantage¡¡over¡¡a¡¡despotic¡¡government¡£¡¡As¡¡it¡¡naturally¡¡requires¡¡there¡¡should¡¡be¡¡several¡¡orders¡¡or¡¡ranks¡¡of¡¡subjects£»¡¡the¡¡state¡¡is¡¡more¡¡permanent£»¡¡the¡¡constitution¡¡more¡¡steady£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡person¡¡of¡¡him¡¡who¡¡governs¡¡more¡¡secure¡£
Cicero¡¡is¡¡of¡¡opinion¡¡that¡¡the¡¡establishing¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tribunes¡¡preserved¡¡the¡¡republic¡£¡¡¡¨And¡¡indeed£»¡¨¡¡says¡¡he£»¡¡¡¨the¡¡violence¡¡of¡¡a¡¡headless¡¡people¡¡is¡¡more¡¡terrible¡£¡¡A¡¡chief¡¡or¡¡head¡¡is¡¡sensible¡¡that¡¡the¡¡affair¡¡depends¡¡upon¡¡himself£»¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡he¡¡thinks£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡people¡¡in¡¡their¡¡impetuosity¡¡are¡¡ignorant¡¡of¡¡the¡¡danger¡¡into¡¡which¡¡they¡¡hurry¡¡themselves¡£¡¨¡¡This¡¡reflection¡¡may¡¡be¡¡applied¡¡to¡¡a¡¡despotic¡¡government£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡a¡¡people¡¡without¡¡tribunes£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡a¡¡monarchy£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡people¡¡have¡¡some¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡tribunes¡£
Accordingly¡¡it¡¡is¡¡observable¡¡that¡¡in¡¡the¡¡commotions¡¡of¡¡a¡¡despotic¡¡government£»¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡hurried¡¡away¡¡by¡¡their¡¡passions£»¡¡are¡¡apt¡¡to¡¡push¡¡things¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡they¡¡can¡¡go¡£¡¡The¡¡disor
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿!
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԴ´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡