the spirit of laws-第6部分

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3。　Capital　Difference　between　the　Salic　Laws；　and　Those　of　the　Visigoths　and　Burgundians

4。　In　What　Manner　the　Roman　Law　Came　to　Be　Lost　in　the　Country　Subject　to　the　Franks；　and　Preserved　in　That　Subject　to　the　Goths　and　Burgundians

5。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

6。　How　the　Roman　Law　Kept　its　Ground　in　the　Demesne　of　the　Lombards

7。　How　the　Roman　Law　Came　to　Be　Lost　in　Spain

8。　A　False　Capitulary

9。　In　What　Manner　the　Codes　of　Barbarian　Laws；　and　the　Capitularies　Came　to　Be　Lost

10。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

11。　Other　Causes　of　the　Disuse　of　the　Codes　of　Barbarian　Laws；　as　well　as　of　the　Roman　Law；　and　of　the　Capitularies

12。　Of　Local　Customs。　Revolution　of　the　Laws　of　Barbarous　Nations；　as　well　as　of　the　Roman　Law

13。　Difference　between　the　Salic　Law；　or　That　of　the　Salian　Franks；　and　That　of　the　Ripuarian　Franks；　and　other　Barbarous　Nations

14。　Another　Difference

15。　A　Reflection

16。　Of　the　Ordeal　or　Trial　by　Boiling　Water；　Established　by　the　Salic　Law

17。　Particular　Notions　of　Our　Ancestors

18。　In　What　Manner　the　Custom　of　Judicial　Combats　Gained　Ground

19。　A　New　Reason　of　the　Disuse　of　the　Salic　and　Roman　Laws；　as　Also　of　the　Capitularies

20。　Origin　of　the　Point　of　Honour

21。　A　new　Reflection　on　the　Point　of　Honour　among　the　Germans

22。　Of　the　Manners　in　Relation　to　Judicial　Combats

23。　Of　the　Code　of　Laws　on　Judicial　Combats

24。　Rules　Established　in　the　Judicial　Combat

25。　Of　the　Bounds　Prescribed　to　the　Custom　of　Judicial　Combats

26。　On　the　Judiciary　Combat　between　One　of　the　Parties　and　One　of　the　Witnesses

27。　Of　the　Judicial　Combat　between　One　of　the　Parties　and　One　of　the　Lords'　Peers。　Appeal　of　False　Judgment

28。　Of　the　Appeal　of　Default　of　Justice

29。　Epoch　of　the　Reign　of　St。　Louis

30。　Observation　on　Appeals

31。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

32。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

33。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

34。　In　What　Manner　the　Proceedings　at　Law　Became　Secret

35。　Of　the　Costs

36。　Of　the　Public　Prosecutor

37　In　What　Manner　the　Institutions　of　St。　Louis　Fell　into　Oblivion

38。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

39。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

40。　In　What　Manner　the　Judiciary　Forms　Were　Borrowed　from　the　Decretals

41。　Flux　and　Reflux　of　the　Ecclesiastic　and　Temporal　Jurisdiction

42。　The　Revival　of　the　Roman　Law；　and　the　Result　Thereof。　Change　of　Tribunals

43。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

44　Of　the　Proof　by　Witnesses

45。　Of　the　Customs　of　France

Book　XXIX。　Of　the　Manner　of　Composing　Laws

1。　Of　the　Spirit　of　a　Legislator

2。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

3。　That　the　Laws　Which　Seem　to　Deviate　from　the　Views　of　the　Legislator　Are　Frequently　Agreeable　to　Them

4。　Of　the　Laws　Contrary　to　the　Views　of　the　Legislator

5。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

6。　The　Laws　Which　Appear　the　Same　Have　Not　Always　the　Same　Effect

7。　The　Same　Subject　Continued。　Necessity　of　Composing　Laws　in　a　Proper　Manner

8。　That　Laws　Which　Appear　the　Same　Were　Not　Always　Made　through　the　Same　Motive

9。　That　the　Greek　and　Roman　Laws　Punished　Suicide；　but　Not　through　the　Same　Motive

10。　That　Laws　Which　Seem　Contrary　Proceed　Sometimes　from　the　Same　Spirit

11。　How　to　Compare　Two　Different　Systems　of　Laws

12。　That　Laws　Which　Appear　the　Same　Are　Sometimes　Really　Different

13。　That　We　Must　Not　Separate　Laws　from　the　End　for　Which　They　Were　Made：　of　the　Roman　Laws　on　Theft

14。　That　We　Must　Not　Separate　the　Laws　from　the　Circumstances　in　Which　They　Were　Made

15。　That　Sometimes　It　Is　Proper　the　Law　Should　Amend　Itself

16。　Things　to　Be　Observed　in　the　Composing　of　Laws

17。　A　bad　Method　of　Giving　Laws

18。　Of　the　Ideas　of　Uniformity

19。　Of　Legislators

Book　XXX。　Theory　of　the　Feudal　Laws　among　the　Franks　in　the　Relation　They　Bear　to　the　Establishment　of　the　Monarchy

1。　Of　Feudal　Laws

2。　Of　the　Source　of　Feudal　Laws

3。　The　Origin　of　Vassalage

4。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

5。　Of　the　Conquests　of　the　Franks

6。　Of　the　Goths；　Burgundians；　and　Franks

7。　Different　Ways　of　Dividing　the　Land

8。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

9。　A　Just　Application　of　the　Law　of　the　Burgundians；　and　of　That　of　the　Visigoths；　in　Relation　to　the　Division　of　Lands

10。　Of　Servitudes

11。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

12。　That　the　Lands　Belonging　to　the　Division　of　the　Barbarians　Paid　No　Taxes

13。　Of　Taxes　Paid　by　the　Romans　and　Gauls；　in　the　Monarchy　of　the　Franks

14。　Of　What　They　Called　Census

15。　That　What　They　Called　Census　Was　Raised　Only　on　the　Bondmen　and　Not　on　the　Freemen

16。　Of　the　Feudal　Lords　or　Vassals

17。　Of　the　Military　Service　of　Freemen

18。　Of　the　Double　Service

19。　Of　Compositions　among　the　Barbarous　Nations

20。　Of　What　Was　Afterwards　Called　the　Jurisdiction　of　the　Lords

21。　Of　the　Territorial　Jurisdiction　of　the　Churches

22。　That　the　Jurisdictions　Were　Established　before　the　End　of　the　Second　Race

23。　General　Idea　of　the　Abbé　Du　Bos'　Book　on　the　Establishment　of　the　French　Monarchy　in　Gaul

24。　The　Same　Subject　Continued。　Reflection　on　the　Main　Part　of　the　System

25。　Of　the　French　Nobility

Book　XXXI。　Theory　of　the　Feudal　Laws　among　the　Franks；　in　the　Relation　They　Bear　to　the　Revolutions　of　their　Monarchy

1。　Changes　in　the　Offices　and　in　the　Fiefs。　Of　the　Mayors　of　the　Palace

2。　How　the　Civil　Government　Was　Reformed

3。　Authority　of　the　Mayors　of　the　Palace

4。　Of　the　Genius　of　the　Nation　in　Regard　to　the　Mayors

5。　In　What　Manner　the　Mayors　Obtained　the　Command　of　the　Armies

6。　Second　Epoch　of　the　Humiliation　of　Our　Kings　of　the　First　Race

7。　Of　the　Great　Offices　and　Fiefs　under　the　Mayors　of　the　Palace

8。　In　What　Manner　the　Allodial　Estates　Were　Changed　into　Fiefs

9。　How　the　Church　Lands　Were　Converted　into　Fiefs

10。　Riches　of　the　Clergy

11。　State　of　Europe　at　the　Time　of　Charles　Martel

12。　Establishment　of　the　Tithes

13。　Of　the　Election　of　Bishops　and　Abbots

14。　Of　the　Fiefs　of　Charles　Martel

15。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

16。　Confusion　of　the　Royalty　and　Mayoralty。　The　Second　Race

17。　A　Particular　Circumstance　in　the　Election　of　the　Kings　of　the　Second　Race

18。　Charlemagne

19。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

20。　Louis　the　Debonnaire

21。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

22。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

23。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

24。　That　the　Freemen　Were　Rendered　Capable　of　Holding　Fiefs

25。　The　Principal　Cause　of　the　Humiliation　of　the　Second　Race。　Changes　in　the　Allodia

26。　Changes　in　the　Fiefs

27。　Another　change　Which　Happened　in　the　Fiefs

28。　Changes　Which　Happened　in　the　Great　Offices　and　in　the　Fiefs

29。　Of　the　Nature　of　the　Fiefs　after　the　Reign　of　Charles　the　Bald

30。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

31。　In　What　Manner　the　Empire　Was　Transferred　from　the　Family　of　Charlemagne

32。　In　What　Manner　the　Crown　of　France　Was　Transferred　to　the　House　of　Hugh　Capet

33。　Some　Consequences　of　the　Perpetuity　of　Fiefs

34。　The　Same　Subject　Continued




PREFACE

IF　amidst　the　infinite　number　of　subjects　contained　in　this　book　there　is　anything　which；　contrary　to　my　expectation；　may　possibly　offend；　I　can　at　least　assure　the　public　that　it　was　not　inserted　with　an　ill　intention：　for　I　am　not　naturally　of　a　captious　temper。　Plato　thanked　the　gods　that　he　was　born　in　the　same　age　with　Socrates：　and　for　my　part　I　give　thanks　to　the　Supreme　that　I　was　born　a　subject　of　that　government　under　which　I　live；　and　that　it　is　His　pleasure　I　should　obey　those　whom　He　has　made　me　love。

I　beg　one　favour　of　my　readers；　which　I　fear　will　not　be　granted　me；　this　is；　that　they　will　not　judge　by　a　few　hours'　reading　of　the　labour　of　twenty　years；　that　they　will　approve　or　condemn　the　book　entire；　and　not　a　few　particular　phrases。　If　they　would　search　into　the　design　of　the　author；　they　can　do　it　in　no　other　way　so　completely　as　by　searching　into　the　design　of　the　work。

I　have　first　of　all　considered　mankind；　and　the　result　of　my　thoughts　has　been；　that　amidst　such　an　infinite　diversity　of　laws　and　manners；　they　were　not　solely　conducted　by　the　caprice　of　fancy。

I　have　laid　down　the　first　principles；　and　have　found　that　the　particular　cases　follow　naturally　from　them；　that　the　histories　of　all　nations　are　only　consequences　of　them；　and　that　every　particular　law　is　connected　with　another　law；　or　depends　on　some　other　of　a　more　general　extent。

When　I　have　been　obliged　to　look　back　into　antiquity；　I　have　endeavoured　to　assume　the　spirit　of　the　ancients；　lest　I　should　consider　those　things　as　alike　which　are　really　different；　and　lest　I　should　miss　the　difference　of　those　which　appear　to　be　alike。

I　have　not　drawn　my　principles　from　my　prejudices；　but　from　the　nature　of　things。

Here　a　great　many　truths　will　not　appear　till　we　have　seen　the　chain　which　connects　them　with　others。　The　more　we　enter　into　particulars；　the　more　we　shall　perceive　the　certainty　of　the　principles　on　which　they　are　founded。　I　have　not　even　given　all　these　particulars；　for　who　could　mention　them　all　without　a　most　insupportable　fatigue？

The　reader　will　not　here　meet　with　any　of　those　bold　flights　which　seem　to　characterise　the　works　of　the　present　age。　When　things　are　examined　with　never　so　small　a　degree　o