the spirit of laws-第64部分

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：　to　an　increase　of　labour　they　have　joined　an　increase　of　gain；　and　have　gone　so　far　as　to　make　those　people　better　pleased　with　their　condition　than　with　any　other　which　they　could　have　embraced。

No　labour　is　so　heavy　but　it　may　be　brought　to　a　level　with　the　workman's　strength；　when　regulated　by　equity；　and　not　by　avarice。　The　violent　fatigues　which　slaves　are　made　to　undergo　in　other　parts　may　be　supplied　by　a　skilful　use　of　ingenious　machines。　The　Turkish　mines　in　the　Bannat　of　Temesw？r；　though　richer　than　those　of　Hungary；　did　not　yield　so　much；　because　the　working　of　them　depended　entirely　on　the　strength　of　their　slaves。

I　know　not　whether　this　article　be　dictated　by　my　understanding　or　by　my　heart。　Possibly　there　is　not　that　climate　upon　earth　where　the　most　laborious　services　might　not　with　proper　encouragement　be　performed　by　freemen。　Bad　laws　having　made　lazy　men；　they　have　been　reduced　to　slavery　because　of　their　laziness。

9。　Several　Kinds　of　Slavery。　Slavery　is　of　two　kinds；　real　and　personal。　The　real　annexes　the　slave　to　the　land；　which　Tacitus　makes＇11＇　the　condition　of　slaves　among　the　Germans。　They　were　not　employed　in　the　family：　a　stated　tribute　of　corn；　cattle；　or　other　movables；　paid　to　their　master；　was　the　whole　of　their　servitude。　And　such　a　servitude　still　continues　in　Hungary；　Bohemia；　and　several　parts　of　Lower　Germany。

Personal　slavery　consists　in　domestic　services；　and　relates　more　to　the　master's　person。

The　worst　degree　of　slavery　is　when　it　is　at　once　both　real　and　personal；　as　that　of　the　Helotes　among　the　Laced？monians。　They　underwent　the　fatigues　of　the　field；　and　suffered　all　manner　of　insults　at　home。　This　helotism　is　contrary　to　the　nature　of　things。　Real　slavery　is　to　be　found　only　among　nations　remarkable　for　their　simplicity　of　life：＇12＇　all　family　business　being　done　by　the　wives　and　children。　Personal　slavery　is　peculiar　to　voluptuous　nations；　luxury　requiring　the　service　of　slaves　in　the　house。　But　helotism　joins　in　the　same　person　the　slavery　established　by　voluptuous　nations　and　that　of　the　most　simple。

10。　Regulations　necessary　in　respect　to　Slavery。　But　of　whatsoever　kind　the　slavery　be；　the　civil　laws　should　endeavour　on　the　one　hand　to　abolish　the　abuses　of　it；　and　on　the　other　to　guard　against　its　dangers。

11。　Abuses　of　Slavery。　In　Mahometan　states；＇13＇　not　only　the　life　and　goods　of　female　slaves；　but　also　what　is　called　their　virtue　or　honour；　are　at　their　master's　disposal。　One　of　the　misfortunes　of　those　countries　is　that　the　greatest　part　of　the　nation　are　born　only　to　be　subservient　to　the　pleasures　of　the　other。　This　servitude　is　alleviated　by　the　laziness　in　which　such　slaves　spend　their　days；　which　is　an　additional　disadvantage　to　the　state。

It　is　this　indolence　which　renders　the　eastern　seraglios　so　delightful　to　those　very　persons　whom　they　were　made　to　confine。＇14＇　People　who　dread　nothing　but　labour　may　imagine　themselves　happy　in　those　places　of　indolence　and　ease。　But　this　shows　how　contrary　they　are　to　the　very　intent　of　the　institution　of　slavery。

Reason　requires　that　the　master's　power　should　not　extend　to　what　does　not　appertain　to　his　service：　slavery　should　be　calculated　for　utility；　and　not　for　pleasure。　The　laws　of　chastity　arise　from　those　of　nature；　and　ought　in　all　nations　to　be　respected。

If　a　law　which　preserves　the　chastity　of　slaves　be　good　in　those　states　where　an　arbitrary　power　bears　down　all　before　it；　how　much　more　will　it　be　so　in　monarchies；　and　how　much　more　still　in　republics？

The　law　of　the　Lombards＇15＇　has　a　regulation　which　ought　to　be　adopted　by　all　governments。　〃If　a　master　debauches　his　slave's　wife；　the　slave　and　his　wife　shall　be　restored　to　their　freedom。〃　An　admirable　expedient；　which；　without　severity；　lays　a　powerful　restraint　on　the　incontinence　of　masters！

The　Romans　seem　to　have　erred　on　this　head。　They　allowed　an　unlimited　scope　to　the　master's　lusts；　and；　in　some　measure；　denied　their　slaves　the　privilege　of　marrying。　It　is　true；　they　were　the　lowest　part　of　the　nation；　yet　there　should　have　been　some　care　taken　of　their　morals；　especially　as　in　prohibiting　their　marriage　they　corrupted　the　morals　of　the　citizens。

12。　Danger　from　the　Multitude　of　Slaves。　The　multitude　of　slaves　has　different　effects　in　different　governments。　It　is　no　grievance　in　a　despotic　state；　where　the　political　servitude　of　the　whole　body　takes　away　the　sense　of　civil　slavery。　Those　who　are　called　freedmen　in　reality　are　little　more　so　than　they　who　do　not　come　within　that　class；　and　as　the　latter；　in　quality　of　eunuchs；　freedmen；　or　slaves；　have　generally　the　management　of　all　affairs；　the　condition　of　a　freedman　and　that　of　a　slave　are　very　nearly　allied。　This　makes　it　therefore　almost　a　matter　of　indifference　whether　in　such　states　the　slaves　be　few　or　numerous。

But　in　moderate　governments　it　is　a　point　of　the　highest　importance　that　there　should　not　be　a　great　number　of　slaves。　The　political　liberty　of　those　states　adds　to　the　value　of　civil　liberty；　and　he　who　is　deprived　of　the　latter　is　also　bereft　of　the　former。　He　sees　the　happiness　of　a　society；　of　which　he　is　not　so　much　as　a　member；　he　sees　the　security　of　others　fenced　by　laws；　himself　without　any　protection。　He　perceives　that　his　master　has　a　soul；　capable　of　enlarging　itself：　while　his　own　labours　under　a　continual　depression。　Nothing　more　assimilates　a　man　to　a　beast　than　living　among　freedmen；　himself　a　slave。　Such　people　as　these　are　natural　enemies　of　society；　and　their　number　must　be　dangerous。

It　is　not　therefore　to　be　wondered　at　that　moderate　governments　have　been　so　frequently　disturbed　by　the　revolts　of　slaves；　and　that　this　so　seldom　happens　in　despotic　states。＇16＇

13。　Of　armed　Slaves。　The　danger　of　arming　slaves　is　not　so　great　in　monarchies　as　in　republics。　In　the　former；　a　warlike　people　and　a　body　of　nobility　are　a　sufficient　check　upon　these　armed　slaves；　whereas　the　pacific　members　of　a　republic　would　have　a　hard　task　to　quell　a　set　of　men　who；　having　offensive　weapons　in　their　hands；　would　find　themselves　a　match　for　the　citizens。

The　Goths；　who　conquered　Spain；　spread　themselves　over　the　country；　and　soon　became　very　weak。　They　made　three　important　regulations：　they　abolished　an　ancient　custom　which　prohibited　intermarriages　with　the　Romans；＇17＇　they　enacted　that　all　the　freedmen＇18＇　belonging　to　the　Fiscus　should　serve　in　war；　under　penalty　of　being　reduced　to　slavery；　and　they　ordained　that　each　Goth　should　arm　and　bring　into　the　field　the　tenth　part　of　his　slaves。＇19＇　This　was　but　a　small　proportion：　besides；　these　slaves　thus　carried　to　the　field　did　not　form　a　separate　body；　they　were　in　the　army；　and　might　be　said　to　continue　in　the　family。

14。　The　same　Subject　continued。　When　a　whole　nation　is　of　a　martial　temper；　the　slaves　in　arms　are　less　to　be　feared。

By　a　law　of　the　Alemans；　a　slave　who　had　committed　a　clandestine　theft＇20＇　was　liable　to　the　same　punishment　as　a　freedman　in　the　like　case；　but　if　he　was　found　guilty　of　an　open　robbery；＇21＇　he　was　only　bound　to　restore　the　things　so　taken。　Among　the　Alemans；　courage　and　intrepidity　extenuated　the　guilt　of　an　action。　They　employed　their　slaves　in　their　wars。　Most　republics　have　been　attentive　to　dispirit　their　slaves；　but　the　Alemans；　relying　on　themselves　and　being　always　armed；　were　so　far　from　fearing　theirs　that　they　were　rather　for　augmenting　their　courage；　they　were　the　instruments　either　of　their　depredations　or　of　their　glory。

15。　Precautions　to　be　used　in　Moderate　Governments。　Lenity　and　humane　treatment　may　prevent　the　dangers　to　be　apprehended　from　the　multitude　of　slaves　in　a　moderate　government。　Men　grow　reconciled　to　everything；　and　even　to　servitude；　if　not　aggravated　by　the　severity　of　the　master。　The　Athenians　treated　their　slaves　with　great　lenity；　and　this　secured　that　state　from　the　commotions　raised　by　the　slaves　among　the　austere　Laced？monians。

It　does　not　appear　that　the　primitive　Romans　met　with　any　trouble　from　their　slaves。　Those　civil　broils　which　have　been　compared　to　the　Punic　wars　were　the　consequence　of　their　having　divested　themselves　of　all　humanity　towards　their　slaves。＇22＇

A　frugal　and　laborious　people　generally　treat　their　slaves　more　kindly　than　those　who　are　above　labour。　The　primitive　Romans　used　to　live；　work；　and　eat　with　their　slaves；　in　short；　they　behaved　towards　them　with　justice　and　humanity。　The　greatest　punishment　they　made　them　suffer　was　to　make　them　pass　before　their　neighbours　with　a　forked　piece　of　wood　on　their　backs。　Their　manners　were　sufficient　to　secure　the　fidelity　of　their　slaves；　so　that　there　was　no　necessity　for　laws。

But　when　the　Romans　aggrandised　themselves；　when　their　slaves　were　no　longer　the　companions　of　their　labour；　but　the　instruments　of　their　luxury　and　pride；　as　they　then　wanted　morals；　they　had　need　of　laws。　It　was　even　necessary　for　these　laws　to　be　of　the　most　terrible　kind；　in　order　to　establish　the　safety　of　those　cruel　masters　who　lived　with　their　slaves　as　in　the　midst　of　enemies。

They　made　the　Sillanian　Senatus…Consultum；　and　other　laws；＇23＇　which　decreed　that　when　a　master　was　murdered　all　the　slaves　under　the　same　roof；　or　in　any　place　so　near　the　house　as　to　be