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To¡¡the¡¡next¡¡division¡¡of¡¡his¡¡argument¡¡he¡¡confuted¡¡the¡¡position¡¡taken¡¡by¡¡Gridley¡¡with¡¡respect¡¡to¡¡the¡¡alleged¡¡legal¡¡precedents¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Writs¡¡of¡¡Assistance¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡showed¡¡that¡¡the¡¡writs¡¡were¡¡wholly¡¡different¡¡from¡¡those¡¡provided¡¡for¡¡in¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡Charles¡¡II¡£¡¡¡¡Even¡¡if¡¡they¡¡had¡¡not¡¡been¡¡so£»¡¡the¡¡epoch¡¡and¡¡the¡¡manner¡¡of¡¡King¡¡Charles¡¡had¡¡passed¡¡away¡£¡¡¡¡Neither¡¡could¡¡the¡¡Writs¡¡be¡¡justified¡¡by¡¡inferences¡¡and¡¡constructions¡¡deduced¡¡from¡¡any¡¡previous¡¡statutes¡¡of¡¡Parliament¡£

Besides£»¡¡such¡¡odious¡¡Writs¡¡could¡¡never¡¡be¡¡enforced¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡could¡¡never¡¡be¡¡enforced¡¡in¡¡the¡¡City¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Pilgrims¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡the¡¡King¡¡of¡¡England¡¡should¡¡himself¡¡encamp¡¡with¡¡twenty¡¡thousand¡¡soldiers¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Common¡¡of¡¡Boston£»¡¡he¡¡could¡¡not¡¡enforce¡¡such¡¡laws¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡assailed¡¡the¡¡sugar¡¡tax¡¡with¡¡unmeasured¡¡invective¡£¡¡¡¡And¡¡over¡¡and¡¡above¡¡all£»¡¡this¡¡despotic¡¡legislation¡¡was¡¡in¡¡direct¡¡conflict¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Charter¡¡of¡¡Massachusetts¡£

Here¡¡the¡¡orator¡¡broke¡¡forth¡¡in¡¡his¡¡most¡¡impassioned¡¡strain¡¡declaring¡¡that¡¡the¡¡British¡¡King£»¡¡the¡¡British¡¡Parliament¡¡and¡¡the¡¡British¡¡nation£»¡¡were¡¡all¡¡guilty¡¡of¡¡ingratitude¡¡and¡¡oppression¡¡in¡¡attempting¡¡to¡¡impose¡¡tyrannical¡¡enactment¡¡on¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡America¡£¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡he¡¡concluded¡¡his¡¡argument¡¡appeal¡£

Those¡¡who¡¡heard¡¡the¡¡oration¡¡were¡¡convulsed¡¡with¡¡excitement¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡King's¡¡party¡¡was¡¡enraged¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡patriots¡¡were¡¡inspired¡¡and¡¡defiant¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡in¡¡every¡¡respect¡¡a¡¡critical¡¡and¡¡a¡¡historic¡¡hour¡£

What¡¡would¡¡the¡¡court¡¡do¡¡with¡¡the¡¡case£¿¡¡¡¡The¡¡action¡¡of¡¡that¡¡body¡¡was¡¡obscure¡¡and¡¡double¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡a¡¡disposition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Associate¡¡Judges¡¡to¡¡decide¡¡for¡¡the¡¡counter¡­petitioners£»¡¡but¡¡Chief¡¡Justice¡¡Hutchinson¡¡induced¡¡them¡¡to¡¡assent¡¡to¡¡his¡¡policy¡¡of¡¡withholding¡¡a¡¡decision¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡accordingly¡¡announced¡¡that¡¡the¡¡court¡¡would¡¡decide¡¡the¡¡case¡¡at¡¡the¡¡ensuing¡¡session¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡then¡¡wrote¡¡to¡¡the¡¡home¡¡government£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡records¡¡show¡¡that¡¡the¡¡decision¡¡was¡¡rendered¡¡for¡¡the¡¡petitioners¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡is£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Custom¡¡House¡¡officials£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡favor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Writs¡£

The¡¡Chief¡¡Justice¡¡is¡¡also¡¡on¡¡record¡¡to¡¡the¡¡effect¡¡that¡¡he¡¡continued¡¡to¡¡issue¡¡the¡¡Writs£»¡¡but¡¡if¡¡so£»¡¡no¡¡officer¡¡of¡¡the¡¡king¡¡ever¡¡dared¡¡to¡¡present¡¡one¡¡of¡¡them¡¡in¡¡Boston£¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡famous¡¡£¨and¡¡infamous£©¡¡Writs¡¡of¡¡Assistance¡¡were¡¡as¡¡dead¡¡as¡¡the¡¡mummies¡¡of¡¡Egypt¡£

It¡¡is¡¡from¡¡this¡¡point¡¡of¡¡view¡¡that¡¡the¡¡character¡¡and¡¡work¡¡of¡¡James¡¡Otis¡¡appear¡¡to¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡historical¡¡advantage¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡can¡¡be¡¡no¡¡doubt¡¡that¡¡his¡¡was¡¡the¡¡living¡¡voice¡¡which¡¡called¡¡to¡¡resistance£»¡¡first¡¡Boston£»¡¡then¡¡Massachusetts£»¡¡then¡¡New¡¡England¡¡and¡¡then¡¡the¡¡world£¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡ultimately¡¡the¡¡world¡¡heard¡¡the¡¡sound¡¡thereof¡¡and¡¡was¡¡glad¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡American¡¡Colonies¡¡resisted£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡length¡¡won¡¡their¡¡independence¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡sparks¡¡fell¡¡in¡¡France£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡jets¡¡of¡¡flame¡¡ran¡¡together¡¡in¡¡a¡¡conflagration¡¡the¡¡light¡¡of¡¡which¡¡was¡¡seen¡¡over¡¡Europe£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡over¡¡Europe£»¡¡then¡¡over¡¡the¡¡world¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Pre¡­revolutionist¡¡had¡¡cried¡¡out¡¡and¡¡mankind¡¡heard¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡Resistance¡¡to¡¡tyranny¡¡became¡¡obedience¡¡to¡¡God¡£

We¡¡shall¡¡here¡¡sketch¡¡rapidly¡¡and¡¡briefly¡¡the¡¡unsteady¡¡way¡¡and¡¡unfortunate¡¡decline¡¡of¡¡James¡¡Otis¡¡down¡¡to¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡the¡¡eclipse¡¡of¡¡his¡¡intellect¡¡and¡¡his¡¡tragic¡¡death¡£

Three¡¡months¡¡after¡¡he¡¡had£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡John¡¡Adams£»¡¡¡¨breathed¡¡into¡¡the¡¡nation¡¡the¡¡breath¡¡of¡¡life£»¡¨¡¡he¡¡was¡¡chosen¡¡to¡¡represent¡¡Boston¡¡in¡¡the¡¡legislature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Commonwealth¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡of¡¡his¡¡colleagues¡¡were¡¡patriots¡£¡¡Boston¡¡was¡¡in¡¡that¡¡mood¡£

There¡¡runs¡¡a¡¡story¡¡that¡¡when¡¡he¡¡was¡¡entering¡¡upon¡¡his¡¡duties¡¡he¡¡was¡¡counselled¡¡by¡¡a¡¡friend¡¡to¡¡curb¡¡his¡¡impetuosity¡¡and¡¡to¡¡gain¡¡leadership¡¡by¡¡the¡¡mastery¡¡of¡¡selfadvice¡¡most¡¡salutary¡¡to¡¡one¡¡of¡¡his¡¡temperament¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡it¡¡was¡¡much¡¡like¡¡advising¡¡General¡¡Putnam¡¡to¡¡be¡¡calm¡¡at¡¡Bunker¡¡Hill£¡¡¡¡¡Otis¡¡promised£»¡¡however£»¡¡that¡¡if¡¡his¡¡friends¡¡would¡¡warn¡¡him¡¡when¡¡his¡¡temperature¡¡was¡¡rising£»¡¡he¡¡would¡¡command¡¡himself¡£

It¡¡is¡¡also¡¡narrated¡¡that¡¡his¡¡friends¡¡did¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡pluck¡¡him¡¡by¡¡the¡¡coat£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡turned¡¡upon¡¡them¡¡demanding¡¡to¡¡know¡¡if¡¡he¡¡was¡¡a¡¡school¡¡boy¡¡to¡¡be¡¡called¡¡down£¡

At¡¡this¡¡time¡¡the¡¡relations¡¡between¡¡Governor¡¡Bernard¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Legislature¡¡were¡¡greatly¡¡strained¡£¡¡¡¡Otis¡¡rather¡¡increased¡¡the¡¡tension¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡question¡¡arose¡¡about¡¡a¡¡financial¡¡measure¡¡whereby¡¡gold¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡exported¡¡and¡¡silver¡¡money¡¡retained¡¡as¡¡the¡¡currency¡¡of¡¡the¡¡colonythe¡¡former¡¡at¡¡less¡¡than¡¡its¡¡nominal¡¡valuein¡¡a¡¡manner¡¡to¡¡juggle¡¡the¡¡people¡¡into¡¡paying¡¡their¡¡obligations¡¡twice¡¡over¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡argument¡¡became¡¡hot¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Council¡¡taking¡¡the¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡administration¡¡was¡¡opposed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡legislative¡¡assembly¡£

Chief¡¡Justice¡¡Hutchinson¡¡and¡¡James¡¡Otis¡¡got¡¡into¡¡a¡¡controversy¡¡which¡¡was¡¡bitter¡¡enough£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡may¡¡be¡¡illustrated¡¡with¡¡the¡¡following¡¡letter¡¡which¡¡James¡¡Otis¡¡addressed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡printer¡¡of¡¡a¡¡newspaper£º¡¡¡¡

¡¨Perhaps¡¡I¡¡should¡¡not¡¡have¡¡troubled¡¡you¡¡or¡¡the¡¡public¡¡with¡¡any¡¡thoughts¡¡of¡¡mine£»¡¡had¡¡not¡¡his¡¡Honor¡¡the¡¡Lieutenant¡­Governor¡¡condescended¡¡to¡¡give¡¡me¡¡a¡¡personal¡¡challenge¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡is¡¡an¡¡honor¡¡that¡¡I¡¡never¡¡had¡¡vanity¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡aspire¡¡after£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡ever¡¡respect¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Hutchinson¡¡for¡¡it¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡I¡¡live£»¡¡as¡¡he¡¡certainly¡¡consulted¡¡my¡¡reputation¡¡more¡¡than¡¡his¡¡own¡¡when¡¡he¡¡bestowed¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡general¡¡officer¡¡in¡¡the¡¡army¡¡would¡¡be¡¡thought¡¡very¡¡condescending¡¡to¡¡accept£»¡¡much¡¡more¡¡to¡¡give£»¡¡a¡¡challenge¡¡to¡¡a¡¡subaltern¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡honor¡¡of¡¡entering¡¡the¡¡lists¡¡with¡¡a¡¡gentleman¡¡so¡¡much¡¡one's¡¡superior¡¡in¡¡one¡¡view¡¡is¡¡certainly¡¡tempting£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡at¡¡least¡¡possible¡¡that¡¡his¡¡Honor¡¡may¡¡lose¡¡much£»¡¡but¡¡from¡¡those¡¡who¡¡have¡¡and¡¡desire¡¡but¡¡little£»¡¡but¡¡little¡¡can¡¡possibly¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡away¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡

¡¨I¡¡am¡¡your¡¡humble¡¡servant£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨JAMES¡¡OTIS£»¡¡JR¡£¡¨

This¡¡controversy¡¡continued¡¡for¡¡some¡¡time£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡thought¡¡that¡¡to¡¡it¡¡must¡¡be¡¡attributed¡¡much¡¡of¡¡the¡¡animosity¡¡displayed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Chief¡¡Justice¡¡towards¡¡Otis¡¡in¡¡the¡¡¡¨History¡¡of¡¡Massachusetts¡¡Bay¡£¡¨

Mr¡£¡¡Otis¡¡continued¡¡his¡¡aggressive¡¡policy¡¡in¡¡the¡¡session¡¡of¡¡the¡¡assembly¡¡held¡¡in¡¡1762¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡at¡¡this¡¡session¡¡that¡¡the¡¡government¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hope¡¡of¡¡getting¡¡a¡¡sum¡¡of¡¡money¡¡adopted¡¡the¡¡ruse¡¡of¡¡creating¡¡an¡¡alarm¡¡relative¡¡to¡¡a¡¡French¡¡invasion¡¡of¡¡Newfoundland¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡patriots¡¡would¡¡have¡¡none¡¡of¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡went¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡to¡¡say¡¡that¡¡if¡¡arbitrary¡¡government¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡established¡¡in¡¡America£»¡¡it¡¡made¡¡no¡¡difference¡¡whether¡¡the¡¡Americans¡¡should¡¡have¡¡King¡¡Stork¡¡or¡¡King¡¡Log¡£¡¡¡¡To¡¡this¡¡effect¡¡ran¡¡a¡¡resolution¡¡offered¡¡by¡¡James¡¡Otis£º

¡¨No¡¡necessity¡¡can¡¡be¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡justify¡¡a¡¡House¡¡of¡¡Representatives¡¡in¡¡giving¡¡up¡¡such¡¡a¡¡privilege£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡of¡¡little¡¡consequence¡¡to¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡whether¡¡they¡¡were¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡George¡¡or¡¡Louis£»¡¡the¡¡King¡¡of¡¡Great¡¡Britain¡¡or¡¡the¡¡French¡¡King£»¡¡if¡¡both¡¡were¡¡arbitrary£»¡¡as¡¡both¡¡would¡¡be£»¡¡if¡¡both¡¡could¡¡levy¡¡taxes¡¡without¡¡Parliament¡£¡¨

It¡¡is¡¡said¡¡that¡¡when¡¡this¡¡resolution¡¡was¡¡offered¡¡a¡¡loyalist¡¡member¡¡cried¡¡out¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Virginian¡¡manner£»¡¡¡¨Treason£»¡¡treason¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡in¡¡this¡¡way¡¡that¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Otis¡¡gained¡¡the¡¡undying¡¡enmity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡King's¡¡party¡¡in¡¡America¡£

It¡¡was¡¡in¡¡the¡¡period¡¡following¡¡his¡¡legislative¡¡service¡¡that¡¡James¡¡Otis¡¡prepared¡¡his¡¡powerful¡¡pamphlet¡¡entitled¡¡¡¨A¡¡Vindication¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Conduct¡¡of¡¡the¡¡House¡¡of¡¡Representatives¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Province¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Massachusetts¡¡Bay¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡In¡¡this¡¡work¡¡he¡¡traverses¡¡and¡¡justifies¡¡the¡¡course¡¡pursued¡¡by¡¡the¡¡patriot¡¡legislature¡¡during¡¡the¡¡sessions¡¡of¡¡his¡¡attendance¡£

Great¡¡was¡¡the¡¡joy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡American¡¡Colonies¡¡at¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡French¡¡and¡¡Indian¡¡War¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Treaty¡¡of¡¡Paris¡¡in¡¡February¡¡of¡¡1763¡¡conceded¡¡Canada¡¡to¡¡Great¡¡Britain¡¡and¡¡insured¡¡the¡¡predominance¡¡of¡¡English¡¡institutions¡¡in¡¡the¡¡New¡¡World¡£

The¡¡animosities¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Americans¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡mother¡¡country¡¡rapidly¡¡subsided¡£¡¡¡¡Meetings¡¡were¡¡held¡¡in¡¡the¡¡principal¡¡towns¡¡to¡¡ratify¡¡the¡¡peace¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡the¡¡jubilee¡¡in¡¡Boston£»¡¡James¡¡Otis¡¡presided¡£

He¡¡made¡¡on¡¡the¡¡occasion¡¡one¡¡of¡¡his¡¡notable¡¡addresses¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡referred¡¡with¡¡enthusiasm¡¡to¡¡the¡¡¡¨expulsion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡heathen¡¨¡¡meaning¡¡the¡¡French£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡expressed¡¡sentiments¡¡of¡¡strong¡¡affection¡¡for¡¡Great¡¡Britain¡¡and¡¡appreciation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡filial¡¡relations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡American¡¡Colonies¡¡to¡¡her¡£

In¡¡these¡¡utterances¡¡Otis¡¡reflected¡¡the¡¡sentiment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bostonians¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡people¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡General¡¡Assembly¡¡of¡¡Massachusetts¡¡took¡¡up¡¡the¡¡theme¡¡and¡¡passed¡¡resolutions¡¡of¡¡gratitude¡¡and¡¡loyalty¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡this¡¡particular¡¡juncture¡¡the¡¡Americans¡¡did¡¡not¡¡anticipate¡¡what¡¡was¡¡soon¡¡to¡¡follow¡£

The¡¡English¡¡Ministry¡¡was¡¡already¡¡preparing¡¡a¡¡scheme¡¡for¡¡the¡¡raising¡¡of¡¡revenue¡¡in¡¡America£º¡¡¡¡The¡¡question¡¡of¡¡the¡¡right¡¡of¡¡taxation¡¡suddenly¡¡obtruded¡¡itself¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Americans¡¡claimed¡¡the¡¡right¡¡as¡¡Englishmen¡¡to¡¡tax¡¡themselves¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡English¡¡ministers¡¡replied¡¡that¡¡Parliament£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡the¡¡Colonial¡¡Assemblies£»¡¡was¡¡the¡¡proper¡¡body¡¡to¡¡vote¡¡taxes¡¡in¡¡any¡¡and¡¡all¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡British¡¡Empire¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Americans¡¡replied¡¡that¡¡they¡¡were¡¡not¡¡represented¡¡in¡¡Parliament¡£¡¡¡¡Parliament¡¡replied¡¡that¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡towns£»¡¡shires£»¡¡and¡¡boroughs¡¡in¡¡England¡¡were¡¡not¡¡represented¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡they¡¡were¡¡not¡¡represented£»¡¡they¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be£»¡¡said¡¡the¡¡Americans£»and¡¡thus¡¡the¡¡case¡¡was¡¡made¡¡up¡£

By¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡1764¡¡it¡¡was¡¡known¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Ministers¡¡had¡¡determined¡¡to¡¡make¡¡a¡¡rigorous¡¡enforcement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Sugar¡¡Act¡£¡¡¡¡Than¡¡this£»¡¡nothing¡¡could¡¡be¡¡more¡¡odious¡¡to¡¡America¡£

In¡¡the¡¡spring¡¡of¡¡the¡¡year¡¡just¡¡named£»¡¡the¡¡citizens¡¡of¡¡Boston¡¡held¡¡a¡¡great¡¡meeting¡¡to¡¡protest¡¡against¡¡the¡¡impending¡¡policy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡crown¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡a¡¡member¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡¡and¡¡as¡¡chairman¡¡of¡¡a¡¡committee¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Otis¡¡made¡¡a¡¡report¡¡which¡¡was¡¡ordered¡¡to¡¡be¡¡sent¡¡to¡¡the¡¡agent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡government¡¡along¡¡with¡¡the¡¡copy¡¡of¡¡Otis's¡¡recent¡¡pamphlet£»¡¡¡¨The¡¡Rights¡¡of¡¡the¡¡British¡¡Colonies¡¡asserted¡¡and¡¡proved¡£¡¨

At¡¡this¡¡time¡¡Lieutenant¡­Governor¡¡Hutchinson¡¡was¡¡about¡¡to¡¡become¡¡the¡¡representative¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Colony¡¡in¡¡its¡¡contention¡¡with¡¡the¡¡crow
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