a forgotten empire-vijayanagar-第23部分

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s　the　following　account　of　what　occurred。　This　has　been　already　alluded　to；　but　is　now　given　in　full：　

〃In　this　interval　Heemraaje；　having　settled　his　dissensions；＇178＇　advanced　with　the　young　roy　at　the　head　of　a　great　army　to　Roijore；　which　struck　terror　into　the　army　of　Adil　Shaw；　for　whose　recovery　earnest　prayers　were　offered　up　by　his　subjects。〃　。。。　（The　prayers　were　answered　and　the　Sultan　recovered。）

〃Intelligence　arriving　that　Heemraaje　had　crossed　the　Tummedra　and　was　advancing　by　hasty　marches；　Eusuff　Adil　Shaw　ordered　a　general　review　of　his　army　。。。　（and　advanced；　entrenching　his　camp　a　short　distance　from　the　Hindus）。　Several　days　passed　inactively；　till　on　Saturday　in　Regib　898＇179＇　both　armies　drew　out；　and　in　the　beginning　of　the　action　near　five　hundred　of　Adil　Shaw's　troops　being　slain；　the　rest　were　disordered　and　fell　back；　but　were　rallied　again　by　the　sultan。　One　of　the　officers；　who　had　been　taken　prisoner　and　made　his　escape；　observed　that　the　enemy　were　busily　employed　in　plunder；　and　might　be　attacked　with　advantage。　The　sultan　relished　this　advice　and　proceeded；　when　Heemraaje；　not　having　time　to　collect　his　whole　army；　drew　out　with　seven　thousand　horse　and　a　considerable　number　of　foot；　also　three　hundred　elephants。　Adil　Shaw　charged　his　center　with　such　fury；　that　Heemraaje　was　unable　to　stand　the　shock。　Victory　waved　the　royal　standard；　and　the　infidels　fled；　leaving　two　hundred　elephants；　a　thousand　horses；　and　sixty　lacs　of　OONS；＇180＇　with　many　jewels　and　effects；　to　the　conquerors。　Heemraaje　and　the　young　roy　fled　to　Beejanuggur；　but　the　latter　died　on　the　road　of　a　wound　he　had　received　by　an　arrow　in　the　action。　Heemraaje　seized　the　government　of　the　country；　but　some　of　the　principal　nobility　opposing　his　usurpation；　dissensions　broke　out；　which　gave　Adil　Shaw　relief　from　war　for　some　time　from　that　quarter。〃

The　disputed　territory　between　the　two　rivers　once　more　passed　into　the　hands　of　the　Muhammadans。　Goa　also　remained　in　the　Bijapur　Sultan's　possession。

The　last　historical　event　in　the　reign　of　Yusuf　Adil　Shah　of　Bijapur；　as　narrated　by　Firishtah；　is　as　follows：　

〃In　the　year　915；＇181＇　the　Christians　surprised　the　town　of　Goa；　and　put　to　death　the　governor　with　many　mussulmauns。　Upon　intelligence　of　which；　Adil　Shaw；　with　three　thousand　chosen　men；　Dekkanees　and　foreigners；　marched　with　such　expedition；　that　he　came　upon　the　Europeans　unawares；　retook　the　fort；　and　put　many　to　death；　but　some　made　their　escape　in　their　ships　out　to　sea。〃

These　Christians　were　the　Portuguese　under　Albuquerque；　and　the　date　of　their　entry　into　Goa　was　March　1；　A。D。　1510。

At　this　period　there　was　a　complete　change　in　the　PERSONNEL　of　the　chief　actors　on　our　Indian　stage。　Ahmad　Nizam　Shah；　who　had　declared　himself　independent　at　Ahmadnagar　in　A。D。　1490；　died　in　1508；　and　was　succeeded　by　his　son；　a　boy　of　seven　years　of　age　named　Burhan；　with　whom　the　traveller　Garcia　da　Orta＇182＇　afterwards　became　very　friendly。　Da　Orta　calls　him　〃my　friend。〃＇183＇　Yusuf　Adil　Shah　died　in　A。D。　1510；　and　his　successor　on　the　throne　of　Bijapur　was　his　son　Ismail。　Krishna　Deva　Raya　became　Raya　of　Vijayanagar　in　1509。　The　two　last…mentioned　monarchs　were　frequently　in　contact　with　one　another；　and　in　the　end；　according　to　our　chronicles；　the　Hindu　king　was　completely　victorious。　Even　Firishtah　admits　that　he　dealt　Ismail　a　crushing　blow　at　the　great　battle　of　Raichur；　a　full　description　of　which　is　given　by　Nuniz。

But　before　dealing　with　the　history　of　the　reign　of　Krishna　Deva　Raya　it　is　necessary　that　we　should　learn　how　it　came　about　that　these　Portuguese　Christians　who　seized　Goa　came　to　be　living　in　India；　and　some　of　them　even　resident　at　the　Hindu　capital。


The　Portuguese　Arrive　in　India。

King　John　of　Portugal　had　acquired　some　knowledge　of　India　in　A。D。　1484；　and　after　causing　inquiries　to　be　made　as　to　the　possibility　of　discovering　the　rich　and　interesting　country　in　the　Far　East；　had　begun　to　fit　out　three　ships；　but　he　died　before　they　were　ready。　His　successor；　Dom　Manuel；　took　up　the　matter　warmly；　and　sent　these　ships　out　under　Vasco　da　Gama　and　his　brother　Paulo；　with　orders　to　try　and　double　the　Cape　of　Good　Hope。　The　full　account　of　the　extraordinary　voyage　made　by　them　is　given　in　the　〃Three　Voyages　of　Vasco　da　Gama；〃　translated　and　published　in　the　Hakluyt　edition；　being　a　translation　of　certain　portions　of　Correa's　LENDAS　DA　INDIA。　Da　Gama　sailed　on　July　8；　A。D。　1497；　and　arrived　close　to　Calicut　on　August　26；　1498。＇184＇　The　Samuri；　or　king；　of　Calicut　was　at　first　friendly；　but　there　were　misunderstandings　on　the　part　of　the　Portuguese；　and　they　made　little　or　no　progress　either　in　trade　or　in　establishing　amicable　relations　with　the　Hindus。　Da　Gama　returned　shortly　after　to　Portugal。　Early　in　1500　A。D。　Cabral　took　out　another　and　larger　fleet；　and　arrived　at　Calicut　on　September　13th。　He　at　once　quarrelled　with　the　Samuri；　and　instead　of　peaceful　commerce　we　read　of　attacks　and　counter…attacks　conducted　in　such　sort　by　the　Portuguese　as　irretrievably　to　alienate　the　natives　of　the　country。　A　few　Europeans；　however；　settled　in　that　tract；　and　amongst　them　Duarte　Barbosa；　the　celebrated　chronicler　of　the　time。

Da　Gama　returned　to　India　in　1504；　proclaiming　the　king　of　Portugal　lord　of　the　seas；　and　wantonly　destroying　with　all　hands　a　large　vessel　having　several　hundred　people　on　board　near　the　Indian　coast。　He　reached　Calicut　on　October　29th；　and　immediately　bombarded　the　city；　seizing　the　inoffensive　native　fishermen　in　the　port；　eight　hundred　of　whom　he　massacred　in　cold　blood　under　circumstances　of　brutal　atrocity。　In　1503　he　again　left　for　Europe；　after　establishing　a　factory　at　Cochin。　In　consequence　of　his　violence　a　war　ensued　between　Cochin　and　Calicut。　In　1504　Lopo　Soares　came　out　with　a　fleet　of　fourteen　caravels；　and　proclaimed　a　blockade　of　the　port　of　Cochin；　in　spite　of　the　fact　that　the　Rajah　of　that　place　had　always　shown　great　kindness　and　hospitality　to　the　Portuguese。

The　next　year；　1505；　Almeida　was　appointed　viceroy　of　the　king　of　Portugal　on　the　Indian　coast；　and　took　out　with　him　a　large　fleet　and　1500　soldiers。　After　some　preliminary　fighting　at　Honawar；　Almeida　began　for　the　first　time　to　perceive　that　the　true　interests　of　the　Portuguese　lay　in　peaceful　commerce；　and　not　in　sanguinary　and　costly　attacks　on　the　natives；　and　he　also　learned　from　an　influential　native　of　the　existence　of　the　great　kingdom　of　Vijayanagar　and　the　power　of　its　king；　Narasimha　（or　Narasa）。　At　Cannanore　the　viceroy's　son；　Lourenco；　in　1506；　received　further　information　as　to　the　state　of　the　country　from　the　Italian　traveller　Varthema；　and　in　consequence　of　this　Almeida　asked　King　Narasa　to　allow　him　to　erect　a　fortress　at　Bhatkal；　but　no　answer　was　returned。

Varthema　has　left　behind　him　a　valuable　account　of　his　experiences＇185＇　at　this　period。　He　speaks　of　Goa　as　being　then　under　the　〃Savain；〃　which　is　this　writer's　form　of　expressing　the　ruler　known　to　the　Portuguese　as　the　〃Sabayo；〃＇186＇　who　was　the　governor　of　the　place　under　the　Adil　Shah　of　Bijapur。　The　Sabayo　was　then　at　war　with　Narasimha　of　Vijayanagar。

He　describes　Vijayanagar　as　a　great　city；　〃very　large　and　strongly　walled。　It　is　situated　on　the　side　of　a　mountain；＇187＇　and　is　seven　miles　in　circumference。　It　has　a　triple　circlet　of　walls。〃　It　was　very　wealthy　and　well　supplied；　situated　on　a　beautiful　site；　and　enjoying　an　excellent　climate。　The　king　〃keeps　up　constantly　40；000　horsemen〃　and　400　elephants。　The　elephants　each　carry　six　men；　and　have　long　swords　fastened　to　their　trunks　in　battle　　a　description　which　agrees　with　that　of　Nikitin　and　Paes。　〃The　common　people　go　quite　naked；　with　the　exception　of　a　piece　of　cloth　about　their　middle。　The　king　wears　a　cap　of　gold　brocade　two　spans　long。。。。　His　horse　is　worth　more　than　some　of　our　cities　on　account　of　the　ornaments　which　it　wears。〃＇188＇　Calicut；　he　says；　was　ruined　in　consequence　of　its　wars　with　the　Portuguese。

Varthema　saw　forty…eight　Portuguese　traders　massacred　at　Calicut　by　the　〃Moors；〃　and　in　consequence　of　the　dangerous　state　of　things　existing　there　he　left　the　city　and　pursued　his　journey　southwards　round　the　coast。　Here　we　may　leave　him。

In　March　1505　a　Portuguese　fleet　destroyed；　with　immense　loss　of　life；　a　large　flotilla　of　small　boats　belonging　to　the　Rajah　of　Calicut。　In　the　next　year　an　outrage　committed　by　the　Portuguese　led　to　a　siege　of　their　factory　at　Cannanore；　but　the　timely　arrival　of　Tristan　da　Cunha　with　a　new　fleet　from　home　relieved　the　beleaguered　garrison。　At　the　end　of　1507　Almeida　and　Da　Cunha　joined　forces　and　again　attacked　Calicut；　with　some　measure　of　success。

Afonso　d'Albuquerque　was　now　in　the　Persian　seas　fighting　with　all　the　〃Moors〃　he　could　meet。　At　the　end　of　1509　he　became　〃Governor　of　India；〃　I。E。　of　Portuguese　India；　in　succession　to　Almeida；　Diogo　Lopes　de　Sequeira　receiving　the　governorship　under　the　king　of　Portugal　of　the　seas　east　of　Cape　Comorin。

From　the　accession　of　Krishna　Deva　Raya　to　the　throne　of　Vijayanagar　in　A。D。　1509　we　once　more　enter　a　period　when　the　history　of　the　country　becomes　less　confused；　and　we　are　able　to　trace　the　sequence　of　events　without　serious　difficulty。　This