a forgotten empire-vijayanagar-第6部分

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eans　not　stated　became　lords　of　that　tract；　afterwards　founding　the　city　of　Vijayanagar。＇29＇

Another　states　that　the　two　brothers　were　officers　in　the　service　of　the　Muhammadan　governor　of　Warangal　subsequent　to　its　first　capture　in　1309。　They　were　despatched　against　the　Hoysala　Ballala　sovereign　in　the　expedition　under　the　command　of　Malik　Kafur　in　1310；　which　resulted　in　the　capture　of　the　Hindu　capital；　Dvarasamudra；　but　the　portion　of　the　force　to　which　the　brothers　belonged　suffered　a　defeat；　and　they　fled　to　the　mountainous　tract　near　Anegundi。　Here　they　met　the　holy　Madhava；　who　was　living　the　life　of　a　recluse；　and　by　his　aid　they　established　the　kingdom　and　capital　city。

A　variant　of　this　relates　that　the　two　brothers　for　some　reason　fled　direct　from　Warangal　to　Anegundi。　This　account　redounds　more　to　their　honour　as　Hindus。　Though　compelled　first　to　accept　service　under　their　conquerors；　their　patriotism　triumphed　in　the　end；　and　they　abandoned　the　flesh　pots　of　Egypt　to　throw　in　their　luck　with　their　co…religionists。

A　fourth　story　avers　that　the　hermit　Madhava　himself　founded　the　city　after　the　discovery　of　a　hidden　treasure；　ruled　over　it　himself；　and　left　it　after　his　death　to　a　Kuruba　family　who　established　the　first　regular　dynasty。

A　fifth；　mentioned　by　Couto；＇30＇　who　fixes　the　date　as　1220；　states　that　while　Madhava　was　living　his　ascetic　life　amongst　the　mountains　he　was　supported　by　meals　brought　to　him　by　a　poor　shepherd　called　Bukka；　〃and　one　day　the　Brahman　said　to　him；　'Thou　shalt　be　king　and　emperor　of　all　Industan。'　The　other　shepherds　learned　this；　and　began　to　treat　this　shepherd　with　veneration　and　made　him　their　head；　and　he　acquired　the　name　of　'king；'　and　began　to　conquer　his　neighbours；　who　were　five　in　number；　viz。；　Canara；　Taligas；　Canguivarao；　Negapatao；　and　he　of　the　Badagas；　and　he　at　last　became　lord　of　all　and　called　himself　Boca　Rao。〃　He　was　attacked　by　the　king　of　Delhi；　but　the　latter　was　defeated　and　retired；　whereupon　Bukka　established　a　city　〃and　called　it　Visaja　Nagar；　which　we　corruptly　call　Bisnaga；　and　we　call　all　the　kingdom　by　that　name；　but　the　natives　amongst　themselves　always　call　it　the　'kingdom　of　Canara。'　〃　Couto's　narrative　seems　to　be　a　mixture　of　several　stories。　His　wrong　date　points　to　his　having　partly　depended　upon　the　original　chronicle　of　Nuniz；　or　the　summary　of　it　published　by　Barros；　while　the　rest　of　the　tale　savours　more　of　Hindu　romance　than　of　historical　accuracy。　He　retains；　however；　the　tradition　of　an　attack　by　the　king　of　Delhi　and　the　latter's　subsequent　retirement。

Another　authority　suggests　that　Bukka　and　Harihara　may　have　been　feudatories　of　the　Hoysala　Ballalas。

Nikitin；　the　Russian　traveller；　who　was　in　India　in　1474；　seems　to　favour　the　view　that　they　belonged　to　the　old　royal　house　of　the　Kadambas　of　Banavasi；　since　he　speaks　of　〃the　Hindoo　Sultan　Kadam；〃　who　resided　at　〃Bichenegher。〃＇31＇

Here　we　have　a　whole　bundle　of　tales　and　traditions　to　account　for　the　origin　of　the　great　kingdom；　and　can　take　our　choice。　There　are　many　others　also。　Perhaps　the　most　reasonable　account　would　be　one　culled　from　the　general　drift　of　the　Hindu　legends　combined　with　the　certainties　of　historical　fact；　and　from　this　point　of　view　we　may　for　the　present　suppose　that　two　brothers；　Hindus　of　the　Kuruba　caste；　who　were　men　of　strong　religious　feeling；　serving　in　the　treasury　of　the　king　of　Warangal；　fled　from　that　place　on　its　sack　and　destruction　in　1323　and　took　service　under　the　petty　Rajah　of　Anegundi。　Both　they　and　their　chiefs　were　filled　with　horror　and　disgust　at　the　conduct　of　the　marauding　Moslems；　and　pledged　themselves　to　the　cause　of　their　country　and　their　religion。　The　brothers　rose　to　be　minister　and　treasurer　respectively　at　Anegundi。　In　1334　the　chief　gave　shelter　to　Baha…ud…din；　nephew　of　Muhammad　of　Delhi；　and　was　attacked　by　the　Sultan。　Anegundi　fell；　as　narrated　by　Batuta；　and　the　Sultan　retired；　leaving　Mallik　as　his　deputy　to　rule　the　state。　Mallik　found　the　people　too　strong　for　him；　and　eventually　the　Sultan　restored　the　country　to　the　Hindus；　raising　to　be　rajah　and　minister　respectively　the　two　brothers　who　had　formerly　been　minister　and　treasurer。　These　were　Harihara　I。　（〃Hukka〃）　and　Bukka　I。



The　First　Vijayanagar　Dynasty

＇The　following　shows　the　pedigree　of　this　dynasty　as　given　in　the　EPIGRAPHIA　INDICA　（iii。　p。　36）。　Inscriptions　not　yet　satisfactorily　examined　will　probably　add　to　the　information　given。＇






CHAPTER　3

The　First　Kings　（A。D。　1336　to　1379）

Rapid　acquisition　of　territory　　Reign　of　Harihara　I。　　Check　to　Muhammadan　aggression　　Reign　of　Bukka　I。　　Kampa　and　Sangama？　　The　Bahmani　kingdom　established；　1347　　Death　of　Nagadeva　of　Warangal　　Vijayanagar's　first　great　war　　Massacres　by　Muhammad　Bahmani　　Battle　at　Adoni；　1366　　Flight　of　Bukka　　Mujahid's　war；　1375　　He　visits　the　Malabar　coast　　Siege　of　Vijayanagar　　Extension　of　territory　　Death　of　Mujahid；　1378。

The　city　of　Vijayanagar；　thus　founded　about　the　year　1335；　speedily　grew　in　importance　and　became　the　refuge　of　the　outcasts；　refugees；　and　fighting　men　of　the　Hindus；　beaten　and　driven　out　of　their　old　strongholds　by　the　advancing　Muhammadans。

The　first　rulers　of　Vijayanagar；　however；　did　not　dare　to　call　themselves　kings；　nor　did　even　the　Brahmans　do　so　who　composed　the　text　of　their　early　inscriptions。　It　is　for　this　reason　that　I　have　spoken　of　Harihara　I。　and　Bukka　I。　as　〃Chiefs。〃　The　inscription　referred　to　of　Harihara　in　1340　calls　him　〃Hariyappa　VODEYA；〃　the　former　name　being　less　honourable　than　〃Harihara；〃　and　the　latter　definitely　entitling　him　to　rank　only　as　a　chieftain。　Moreover；　the　Sanskrit　title　given　him　is　MAHAMANDALESVARA；　which　may　be　translated　〃great　lord〃　　not　king。　And　the　same　is　the　case　with　his　successor；　Bukka；　in　two　inscriptions；＇32＇　one　of　which　is　dated　in　1353。　Already　in　1340　Harihara　is　said　to　have　been　possessed　of　very　large　territories；　and　he　was　the　acknowledged　overlord　of　villages　as　far　north　as　the　Kaladgi　district；　north　of　the　Malprabha；　a　country　that　had　been　overrun　by　Muhammad　Taghlaq。　That　this　was　not　a　mere　empty　boast　is　shown　by　the　fact　that　a　fort　was　built　in　that　year　at　Badami　by　permission　of　Harihara。

And　thus　we　see　the　first　chief　of　Vijayanagar　quietly；　and　perhaps　peacefully；　acquiring　great　influence　and　extensive　possessions。　These　so　rapidly　increased　that　Bukka's　successor；　Harihara　II。；　styles　himself　RAJADHIRAJA；　〃king　of　kings；〃　or　emperor。

But　to　revert　to　the　first　king　Harihara；　or；　as　Nuniz　calls　him；　〃Dehorao；〃　for　DEVA　RAYA。　He　reigned；　according　to　our　chronicle；　seven　years；　〃and　did　nothing　therein　but　pacify　the　kingdom；　which　he　left　in　complete　tranquillity。〃　His　death；　if　this　be　so；　would　have　taken　place　about　the　year　1343。　Nuniz　relates　that　he　founded　a　temple　in　honour　of　the　Brahman　hermit；　his　protector。　This　was　the　great　temple　at　Hampe　close　to　the　river；　which　is　still　in　full　preservation　and　is　the　only　one　among　the　massive　shrines　erected　at　the　capital　in　which　worship　is　still　carried　on；　the　others　were　remorselessly　wrecked　and　destroyed　by　the　Muhammadans　in　1565。　As　already　stated；　the　traveller　Ibn　Batuta　refers　to　this　king　under　the　name　of　〃Haraib〃　or　〃Harib〃　in　or　about　the　year　1342。　If　the　traditions　collated　by　Nuniz；　according　to　which　Harihara　I。　lived　at　peace　during　the　seven　years　of　his　reign；　be　true；　his　death　must　have　occurred　before　1344；　because　in　that　year；　as　we　learn　from　other　sources；　Krishna；　son　of　Pratapa　Rudra　of　Warangal；　took　refuge　at　Vijayanagar；　and；　in　concert　with　its　king　and　with　the　surviving　Ballala　princes　of　Dvarasamudra；　drove　back　the　Muhammadans；　rescued　for　a　time　part　of　the　Southern　Dakhan　country；　and　prepared　the　way　for　the　overthrow　of　the　sovereignty　of　Delhi　south　of　the　Vindhyas。　I　take　it；　therefore；　that　Harihara　died　in　or　about　the　year　A。D。　1343。

As　to　his　having　reigned　quietly；　I　know　of　only　one　statement　to　the　contrary。　An　inscription　of　Samgama　II。　recording　a　grant　in　1356；　and　referred　to　below；　states　that　Harihara　I。　〃defeated　the　Sultan；〃　but　perhaps　this　only　alludes　to　the　fact　that　Muhammad　Taghlaq　had　to　abandon　his　hold　on　the　country。

The　next　king　was　Harihara's　brother；　Bukka　I。　（〃Bucarao〃）；　and　according　to　Nuniz　he　reigned　thirty…seven　years；　conquering　in　that　time　all　the　kingdoms　of　the　south；　even　including　Orissa　（Orya）。　Without　laying　too　much　stress　on　conquests　by　force　of　arms；　it　seems　certain　that　most　if　not　all　Southern　India　submitted　to　his　rule；　probably　only　too　anxious　to　secure　a　continuance　of　Hindu　domination　in　preference　to　the　despotism　of　the　hated　followers　of　Islam。＇33＇　According　to　the　chronicle；　therefore；　the　death　of　Bukka　I。；　as　we　must　call　him；　took　place　about　the　year　A。D。　1380。　As　to　inscriptions　of　his　reign；　Dr。　Hultzsch＇34＇　mentions　that　they　cover　the　period　from　about　1354　to　1371；　while　the　first　inscription　of　his　successor；　Harihara　II。；　is　dated　in　1379。＇35＇　If；　then；　we　assume　that　Bukka　I。　reigned　till　1379；　we　find　the　chronicle　so　far　accurate　that　Bukka　I。　did　in　fact　reign　thirty…six　years；　though　not　thirty…seven　　A。D。　1343　to　1379。

But　meanwhile　we　have　another　story　from　an　ins