ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡
proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·)-µÚ25²¿·Ö
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿! Èç¹û±¾ÊéûÓÐÔĶÁÍ꣬ÏëÏ´μÌÐø½Ó×ÅÔĶÁ£¬¿ÉʹÓÃÉÏ·½ "Êղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷" ¹¦ÄÜ ºÍ "¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©" ¹¦ÄÜ£¡
Experience¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡backwoods¡¡¡¡¡¡communities£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡mining¡¡¡¡¡¡camps¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡
places¡¡¡¡¡¡seems¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡show¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡under¡¡¡¡¡¡new¡¡¡¡¡¡conditions¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡easily¡¡¡¡¡¡revert¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
more¡¡barbarous¡¡attitude¡¡and¡¡practice¡£¡¡It¡¡would¡¡seem£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡that£»¡¡while¡¡
human¡¡¡¡¡¡nature¡¡¡¡¡¡remains¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is£»¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡liberty¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
community¡¡where¡¡some¡¡acts¡¡of¡¡tyranny¡¡by¡¡individuals¡¡are¡¡forbidden£»¡¡than¡¡
in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡community¡¡¡¡where¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡law¡¡¡¡leaves¡¡¡¡¡¡each¡¡¡¡¡¡individual¡¡¡¡¡¡free¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡follow¡¡¡¡his¡¡
every¡¡impulse¡£¡¡¡¡But£»¡¡¡¡although¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡necessity¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡form¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡government¡¡
and¡¡law¡¡must¡¡for¡¡the¡¡present¡¡be¡¡conceded£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡important¡¡to¡¡remember¡¡that¡¡
all¡¡law¡¡and¡¡government¡¡is¡¡in¡¡itself¡¡in¡¡some¡¡degree¡¡an¡¡evil£»¡¡only¡¡justifiable¡¡
when¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡prevents¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡greater¡¡¡¡¡¡evils¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Every¡¡¡¡¡¡use¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
State¡¡needs£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡to¡¡be¡¡very¡¡closely¡¡scrutinized£»¡¡and¡¡every¡¡possibility¡¡
of¡¡diminishing¡¡its¡¡power¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡welcomed¡¡provided¡¡it¡¡does¡¡not¡¡lead¡¡to¡¡a¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡77¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡78¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
reign¡¡of¡¡private¡¡tyranny¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡power¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡¡is¡¡partly¡¡legal£»¡¡partly¡¡economic£º¡¡acts¡¡of¡¡a¡¡kind¡¡
which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡State¡¡¡¡¡¡dislikes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡punished¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡criminal¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡law£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
individuals¡¡who¡¡incur¡¡the¡¡displeasure¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡¡may¡¡find¡¡it¡¡hard¡¡to¡¡earn¡¡
a¡¡livelihood¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡views¡¡of¡¡Marx¡¡on¡¡the¡¡State¡¡are¡¡not¡¡very¡¡clear¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡one¡¡hand¡¡he¡¡
seems¡¡willing£»£»¡¡like¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡modern¡¡State¡¡Socialists£»¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡allow¡¡great¡¡power¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡State£»¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡hand¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡suggests¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Socialist¡¡
revolution¡¡has¡¡been¡¡consummated£»¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡as¡¡we¡¡know¡¡it£»¡¡will¡¡disappear¡£¡¡
Among¡¡the¡¡measures¡¡which¡¡are¡¡advocated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Communist¡¡Manifesto¡¡as¡¡
immediately¡¡desirable£»¡¡there¡¡are¡¡several¡¡which¡¡would¡¡very¡¡greatly¡¡increase¡¡
the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡the¡¡existing¡¡State¡£¡¡For¡¡example£»¡¡¡®¡®Centralization¡¡of¡¡credit¡¡in¡¡
the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡a¡¡national¡¡bank¡¡with¡¡State¡¡capital¡¡and¡¡
an¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡exclusive¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡monopoly£»''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡again£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®Centralization¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
communication¡¡and¡¡transport¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡£''¡¡But¡¡the¡¡Manifesto¡¡
goes¡¡on¡¡to¡¡say£º¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡When£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡course¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡development£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡class¡¡¡¡¡¡distinctions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡
disappeared£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡production¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡concentrated¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡hands¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
vast¡¡association¡¡of¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡nation£»¡¡the¡¡public¡¡power¡¡will¡¡lose¡¡its¡¡political¡¡
character¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Political¡¡¡¡¡¡power£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡properly¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡called£»¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡merely¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡organised¡¡
power¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡class¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡oppressing¡¡¡¡¡¡another¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡proletariat¡¡¡¡¡¡during¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡
contest¡¡with¡¡the¡¡bourgeoisie¡¡is¡¡compelled£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡force¡¡of¡¡circumstances£»¡¡
to¡¡organize¡¡itself¡¡as¡¡a¡¡class£»¡¡if£»¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡a¡¡revolution£»¡¡it¡¡makes¡¡itself¡¡the¡¡
ruling¡¡¡¡¡¡class£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡such£»¡¡¡¡¡¡sweeps¡¡¡¡¡¡away¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡force¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡old¡¡¡¡¡¡conditions¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
production£»¡¡then¡¡it¡¡will£»¡¡along¡¡with¡¡these¡¡conditions£»¡¡have¡¡swept¡¡away¡¡the¡¡
conditions¡¡for¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡class¡¡antagonisms£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡classes¡¡generally£»¡¡
and¡¡will¡¡thereby¡¡have¡¡abolished¡¡its¡¡own¡¡supremacy¡¡as¡¡a¡¡class¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡place¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡old¡¡¡¡¡¡bourgeois¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡society£»¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡classes¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡class¡¡
antagonisms£»¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡have¡¡an¡¡association£»¡¡in¡¡which£»¡¡the¡¡free¡¡development¡¡
of¡¡each¡¡is¡¡the¡¡condition¡¡for¡¡the¡¡free¡¡development¡¡of¡¡all¡££§47£§¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§47£§¡¡Communist¡¡Manifesto£»¡¡p¡£¡¡22¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡attitude¡¡¡¡¡¡Marx¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡preserved¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡essentials¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡throughout¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡life¡£¡¡
Accordingly£»¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡wondered¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡followers£»¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡far¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡
regards¡¡their¡¡immediate¡¡aims£»¡¡have¡¡in¡¡the¡¡main¡¡become¡¡out¡and¡out¡¡State¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡78¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡79¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
Socialists¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡the¡¡Syndicalists£»¡¡who¡¡accept¡¡from¡¡Marx¡¡the¡¡
doctrine¡¡of¡¡the¡¡class¡¡war£»¡¡which¡¡they¡¡regard¡¡as¡¡what¡¡is¡¡really¡¡vital¡¡in¡¡his¡¡
teaching£»¡¡reject¡¡the¡¡State¡¡with¡¡abhorrence¡¡and¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡abolish¡¡it¡¡wholly£»¡¡in¡¡
which¡¡¡¡¡¡respect¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡Anarchists¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡Guild¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialists£»¡¡
though¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡persons¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡country¡¡¡¡¡¡regard¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡extremists£»¡¡¡¡¡¡really¡¡
represent¡¡the¡¡English¡¡love¡¡of¡¡compromise¡£¡¡The¡¡Syndicalist¡¡arguments¡¡as¡¡to¡¡
the¡¡dangers¡¡inherent¡¡in¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡¡have¡¡made¡¡them¡¡dissatisfied¡¡
with¡¡the¡¡old¡¡State¡¡Socialism£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡are¡¡unable¡¡to¡¡accept¡¡the¡¡Anarchist¡¡
view¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡society¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡dispense¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡altogether¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡central¡¡¡¡¡¡authority¡£¡¡
Accordingly¡¡they¡¡propose¡¡that¡¡there¡¡should¡¡be¡¡two¡¡co¡equal¡¡instruments¡¡of¡¡
Government¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡community£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡geographical£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡representing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
consumers£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡essentially¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡continuation¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡democratic¡¡¡¡¡¡State£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
other¡¡¡¡¡¡representing¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡producers£»¡¡¡¡¡¡organized£»¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡geographically£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡
guilds£»¡¡¡¡¡¡after¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡manner¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡industrial¡¡¡¡¡¡unionism¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡These¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡author¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ities¡¡
will¡¡deal¡¡with¡¡different¡¡classes¡¡of¡¡questions¡£¡¡Guild¡¡Socialists¡¡do¡¡not¡¡regard¡¡
the¡¡industrial¡¡authority¡¡as¡¡forming¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡for¡¡they¡¡contend¡¡that¡¡it¡¡
is¡¡the¡¡essence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡¡to¡¡be¡¡geographical£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡industrial¡¡authority¡¡
will¡¡resemble¡¡the¡¡present¡¡State¡¡in¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡it¡¡will¡¡have¡¡coercive¡¡powers£»¡¡
and¡¡that¡¡its¡¡decrees¡¡will¡¡be¡¡enforced£»¡¡when¡¡necessary¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡suspected¡¡
that¡¡Syndicalists¡¡also£»¡¡much¡¡as¡¡they¡¡object¡¡to¡¡the¡¡existing¡¡State£»¡¡would¡¡not¡¡
object¡¡to¡¡coercion¡¡of¡¡individuals¡¡in¡¡an¡¡industry¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Trade¡¡Union¡¡in¡¡that¡¡
industry¡£¡¡Government¡¡within¡¡the¡¡Trade¡¡Union¡¡would¡¡probably¡¡be¡¡quite¡¡as¡¡
strict¡¡as¡¡State¡¡government¡¡is¡¡now¡£¡¡In¡¡saying¡¡this¡¡we¡¡are¡¡assuming¡¡that¡¡the¡¡
theoretical¡¡Anarchism¡¡of¡¡Syndicalist¡¡leaders¡¡would¡¡not¡¡survive¡¡accession¡¡
to¡¡¡¡¡¡power£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡am¡¡¡¡¡¡afraid¡¡¡¡¡¡experience¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡shows¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡very¡¡
hazardous¡¡assumption¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Among¡¡all¡¡these¡¡different¡¡views£»¡¡the¡¡one¡¡which¡¡raises¡¡the¡¡deepest¡¡issue¡¡
is¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Anarchist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡contention¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡coercion¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡community¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡
unnecessary¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Like¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡things¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡Anarchists¡¡¡¡¡¡say£»¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡
more¡¡to¡¡be¡¡urged¡¡in¡¡support¡¡of¡¡this¡¡view¡¡than¡¡most¡¡people¡¡would¡¡suppose¡¡
at¡¡first¡¡sight¡£¡¡Kropotkin£»¡¡who¡¡is¡¡its¡¡ablest¡¡exponent£»¡¡points¡¡out¡¡how¡¡much¡¡
has¡¡been¡¡achieved¡¡already¡¡by¡¡the¡¡method¡¡of¡¡free¡¡agreement¡£¡¡He¡¡does¡¡not¡¡
wish¡¡to¡¡abolish¡¡government¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡collective¡¡decisions£º¡¡what¡¡he¡¡
does¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡abolish¡¡is¡¡the¡¡system¡¡by¡¡which¡¡a¡¡decision¡¡is¡¡en¡¡¡forced¡¡upon¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡79¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡80¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
those¡¡who¡¡oppose¡¡it¡££§48£§¡¡The¡¡whole¡¡system¡¡of¡¡representative¡¡government¡¡
and¡¡majority¡¡rule¡¡is¡¡to¡¡him¡¡a¡¡bad¡¡thing¡££§49£§¡¡He¡¡points¡¡to¡¡such¡¡instances¡¡as¡¡
the¡¡agreements¡¡among¡¡the¡¡different¡¡railway¡¡systems¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Continent¡¡for¡¡
the¡¡running¡¡of¡¡through¡¡expresses¡¡and¡¡for¡¡co¡operation¡¡generally¡£¡¡He¡¡points¡¡
out¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡cases¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡different¡¡¡¡¡¡companies¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡authorities¡¡¡¡¡¡concerned¡¡
each¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡appoint¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡delegate£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡delegates¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡suggest¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡basis¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
agreement£»¡¡which¡¡has¡¡to¡¡be¡¡subsequently¡¡ratified¡¡by¡¡each¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bodies¡¡ap¡¡¡
pointing¡¡them¡£¡¡The¡¡assembly¡¡of¡¡delegates¡¡has¡¡no¡¡coercive¡¡power¡¡whatever£»¡¡
and¡¡a¡¡majority¡¡can¡¡do¡¡nothing¡¡against¡¡a¡¡recalcitrant¡¡minority¡£¡¡Yet¡¡this¡¡has¡¡
not¡¡prevented¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡of¡¡very¡¡elaborate¡¡systems¡¡of¡¡agreements¡£¡¡By¡¡
such¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡methods£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Anarchists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡contend£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡USEFUL¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡functions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
government¡¡can¡¡be¡¡carried¡¡out¡¡without¡¡any¡¡coercion¡£¡¡They¡¡maintain¡¡that¡¡
the¡¡usefulness¡¡of¡¡agreement¡¡is¡¡so¡¡patent¡¡as¡¡to¡¡make¡¡co¡operation¡¡certain¡¡if¡¡
once¡¡the¡¡predatory¡¡motives¡¡associated¡¡with¡¡the¡¡present¡¡system¡¡of¡¡private¡¡
property¡¡were¡¡removed¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§48£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®On¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡hand£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡STATE¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡confused¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡
GOVERNMENT¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡As¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡State¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡government£»¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡
been¡¡¡¡¡¡sometimes¡¡¡¡¡¡said¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡absence¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡government£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
abolition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡that¡¡should¡¡be¡¡the¡¡aim¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®It¡¡¡¡¡¡seems¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡me£»¡¡¡¡¡¡however£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡State¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡government¡¡¡¡¡¡represent¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡
ideas¡¡of¡¡a¡¡different¡¡kind¡£¡¡The¡¡State¡¡idea¡¡implies¡¡quite¡¡another¡¡idea¡¡to¡¡that¡¡
of¡¡government¡£¡¡It¡¡not¡¡only¡¡includes¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡a¡¡power¡¡placed¡¡above¡¡
society£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡territorial¡¡¡¡¡¡concentration¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡concentration¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡
functions¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡life¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡society¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡hands¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡few¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡
implies¡¡new¡¡relations¡¡among¡¡the¡¡members¡¡of¡¡society¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®This¡¡characteristic¡¡distinction£»¡¡which¡¡perhaps¡¡escapes¡¡notice¡¡at¡¡first¡¡
sight£»¡¡appears¡¡clearly¡¡when¡¡the¡¡origin¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡¡is¡¡studied¡£''¡¡Kropotkin£»¡¡
¡®¡®The¡¡State¡£''¡¡p¡£¡¡4¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§49£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Representative¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡government¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡accomplished¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡historical¡¡
mission£»¡¡it¡¡has¡¡given¡¡a¡¡mortal¡¡blow¡¡to¡¡
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿!
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԴ´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡