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fertile　land　still　uncultivated　in　Canada；　in　Australia；　and　in



other　quarters　of　the　world？　Was　it　not　almost　as　easy　for　England



to　transplant　her　surplus　population　to　those　countries　as　for　the



North　Americans　to　transplant　theirs　from　the　shores　of　the



Atlantic　to　the　banks　of　the　Missouri？　If　so；　what　occasion　had



England　not　only　continuously　to　protect　her　home　manufactures；　but



to　strive　to　extend　them　more　and　more？



　　　　The　argument　of　the　school；　that　with　a　high　rate　of　wages　in



agriculture；　manufactures　could　not　succeed　by　the　natural　course



of　things；　but　only　by　being　forced　like　hothouse　plants；　was　found



to　be　partially　well…founded；　that　is　to　say；　it　was　applicable



only　to　those　manufactured　goods　which；　being　small　in　bulk　and



weight　as　compared　to　their　value；　are　produced　principally　by　hand



labour；　but　was　not　applicable　to　goods　the　price　of　which　is　less



influenced　by　the　rate　of　wages；　and　as　to　which　the　disadvantage



of　higher　wages　can　be　neutralised　by　the　use　of　machinery；　by



water　power　as　yet　unused；　by　cheap　raw　materials　and　food；　by



abundance　of　cheap　fuel　and　building　materials；　by　light　taxation



and　increased　efficiency　of　labour。



　　　　Besides；　the　Americans　had　long　ago　learnt　from　experience　that



agriculture　cannot　rise　to　a　high　state　of　prosperity　unless　the



exchange　of　agricultural　produce　for　manufactures　is　guaranteed　for



all　future　time；　but　that；　when　the　agriculturist　lives　in　America



and　the　manufacturer　in　England；　that　exchange　is　not　unfrequently



interrupted　by　wars；　commercial　crises；　or　foreign　tariffs；　and



that　consequently；　if　the　national　well…being　is　to　rest　on　a



secure　foundation；　'the　manufacturer；'　to　use　Jefferson's　words；



'must　come　and　settle　down　in　close　proximity　to　the



agriculturist。'



　　　　At　length　the　Americans　came　to　realise　the　truth　that　it



behoves　a　great　nation　not　exclusively　to　set　its　heart　upon　the



enjoyment　of　proximate　material　advantages；　that　civilisation　and



power　　more　important　and　desirable　possessions　than　mere



material　wealth；　as　Adam　Smith　himself　allows　　can　only　be



secured　and　retained　by　the　creation　of　a　manufacturing　power　of



its　own；　that　a　country　which　feels　qualified　to　take　and　to



maintain　its　place　amongst　the　powerful　and　civilised　nations　of



the　earth　must　not　shrink　from　any　sacrifice　in　order　to　secure



such　possessions　for　itself；　and　that　at　that　time　the　Atlantic



states　were　clearly　the　region　marked　out　for　such　possessions。



　　　　It　was　on　the　shores　of　the　Atlantic　that　European　settlers　and



European　civilisation　first　set　a　firm　foot。　Here；　at　the　first；



were　populous；　wealthy；　and　civilised　states　created；　here　was　the



cradle　and　seat　of　their　sea　fisheries；　coasting　trade；　and　naval



power；　here　their　independence　was　won　and　their　union　founded。



Through　these　states　on　the　coast　the　foreign　trade　of　the　Union　is



carried　on；　through　them　it　is　connected　with　the　civilised　world；



through　them　it　acquires　the　surplus　population；　material；　capital；



and　mental　powers　of　Europe；　upon　the　civilisation；　power；　and



wealth　of　these　sea…board　states　depend　the　future　civilisation；



power；　wealth；　and　independence　of　the　whole　nation　and　its　future



influence　over　less　civilised　communities。　Suppose　that　the



population　of　these　Atlantic　states　decreased　instead　of　growing



larger；　that　their　fisheries；　coasting　trade；　shipping　engaged　in



foreign　trade　and　foreign　trade　itself；　and；　above　all；　their



general　prosperity；　were　to　fall　off　or　remain　stationary　instead



of　progressing；　then　we　should　see　the　resources　of　civilisation　of



the　whole　nation；　the　guarantees　for　its　independence　and　external



power；　diminish　too　in　the　same　degree。　It　is　even　conceivable



that；　were　the　whole　territory　of　the　United　States　laid　under



cultivation　from　sea　to　sea；　covered　with　agricultural　states；　and



densely　populated　in　the　interior；　the　nation　itself　might



nevertheless　be　left　in　a　low　grade　as　respects　civilisation；



independence；　foreign　power；　and　foreign　trade。　There　are　certainly



many　nationalities　who　are　in　such　a　position　and　whose　shipping



and　naval　power　are　nil；　though　possessing　a　numerous　inland



population！



　　　　If　a　power　existed　that　cherished　the　project　of　keeping　down



the　rise　of　the　American　people　and　bringing　them　under　subjection



to　itself　industrially；　commercially；　or　politically；　it　could　only



succeed　in　its　aim　by　trying　to　depopulate　the　Atlantic　states　of



the　Union　and　driving　all　increase　of　population；　capital；　and



intellectual　power　into　the　interior。　By　that　means　it　would　not



only　check　the　further　growth　of　the　nation's　naval　power；　but



might　also　indulge　the　hope　of　getting　possession　in　time　of　the



principal　defensive　strategical　positions　on　the　Atlantic　coast　and



at　the　mouths　of　the　rivers。　The　means　to　this　end　would　not　be



difficult　to　imagine；　it　would　only　be　necessary　to　hinder　the



development　of　manufacturing　power　in　the　Atlantic　states　and　to



insure　the　acceptance　of　the　principle　of　absolute　freedom　of



foreign　trade　in　America。　If　the　Atlantic　states　do　not　become



manufacturers；　they　will　not　only　be　unable　to　keep　up　their



present　degree　of　civilisation；　but　they　must　sink；　and　sink　in



every　respect。　Without　manufactures　how　are　the　towns　along　the



Atlantic　coast　to　prosper？　Not　by　the　forwarding　of　inland　produce



to　Europe　and　of　English　manufactured　goods　to　the　interior；　for　a



very　few　thousand　people　would　be　sufficient　to　transact　this



business。　How　are　the　fisheries　to　prosper？　The　majority　of　the



population　who　have　moved　inland　prefer　fresh　meat　and　fresh…water



fish　to　salted；　they　require　no　train　oil；　or　at　least　but　a　small



quantity。　How　is　the　coasting　trade　along　the　Atlantic　sea…board　to



thrive？　As　the　largest　portion　of　the　coast　states　are　peopled　by



cultivators　of　land　who　produce　for　themselves　all　the　provisions；



building　materials；　fuel；　&c。　which　they　require；　there　is　nothing



along　the　coast　to　sustain　a　transport　trade。　How　are　foreign　trade



and　shipping　to　distant　places　to　increase？　The　country　has　nothing



to　offer　but　what　less　cultivated　nations　possess　in



superabundance；　and　those　manufacturing　nations　to　which　it　sends



its　produce　encourage　their　own　shipping。　How　can　a　naval　power



arise　when　fisheries；　the　coasting　trade；　ocean　navigation；　and



foreign　trade　decay？　How　are　the　Atlantic　states　to　protect　them



selves　against　foreign　attacks　without　a　naval　power？　How　is



agriculture　even　to　thrive　in　these　states；　when　by　means　of



canals；　railways；　&c。　the　produce　of　the　much　more　fertile　and



cheaper　tracts　of　land　in　the　west　which　require　no　manure；　can　be



carried　to　the　east　much　more　cheaply　than　it　could　be　there



produced　upon　soil　exhausted　long　ago？　How　under　such　circumstances



can　civilisation　thrive　and　population　increase　in　the　eastern



states；　when　it　is　clear　that　under　free　trade　with　England　all



increase　of　population　and　of　agricultural　capital　must　flow　to　the



west？　The　present　state　of　Virginia　gives　but　a　faint　idea　of　the



condition　into　which　the　Atlantic　states　would　be　thrown　by　the



absence　of　manufactures　in　the　east；　for　Virginia；　like　all　the



southern　states　on　the　Atlantic　coast；　at　present　takes　a



profitable　share　in　providing　the　Atlantic　states　with　agricultural



produce。



　　　　All　these　things　bear　quite　a　different　complexion；　owing　to



the　existence　of　a　flourishing　manufacturing　power　in　the　Atlantic



states。　Now　population；　capital；　technical　skill　and　intellectual



power；　flow　into　them　from　all　European　countries；　now　the　demand



for　the　manufactured　products　of　the　Atlantic　states　increases



simultaneously　with　their　consumption　of　the　raw　materials　supplied



by　the　west。　Now　the　population　of　these　states；　their　wealth；　and



the　number　and　extent　of　their　towns　increase　in　equal　proportion



with　the　cultivation　of　the　western　virgin　lands；　now；　on　account



of　the　larger　population；　and　the　consequently　increased　demand　for



meat；　butter；　cheese；　milk；　garden　produce；　oleaginous　seeds；



fruit；　&c。；　their　own　agriculture　is　increasing；　now　the　sea



fisheries　are　flourishing　in　consequence　of　the　larger　demand　for



salted　fish　and　train　oil；　now　quantities　of　provisions；　building



materials；　coal；　&c。　are　being　conveyed　along　the　coast　to　furnish



the　wants　of　the　manufacturing　population；　now　the　manufacturing



population　produce　a　large　quantity　of　commoditi