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glaucus-第16部分
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to plain likeness; call 〃mermaid's head;〃 (12) which we picked up
just now on Paignton Sands? Or which; again; by its more beautiful
little congener; (13) five or six of which are adhering tightly to
the slab before us; a ball covered with delicate spines of lilac
and green; and stuck over (cunning fellows!) with stripes of dead
sea…weed to serve as improvised parasols? One cannot say that in
him we have the first type of the human skull: for the
resemblance; quaint as it is; is only sensuous and accidental; (in
the logical use of that term;) and not homological; I。E。 a lower
manifestation of the same idea。 Yet how is one tempted to say;
that this was Nature's first and lowest attempt at that use of
hollow globes of mineral for protecting soft fleshy parts; which
she afterwards developed to such perfection in the skulls of
vertebrate animals! But even that conceit; pretty as it sounds;
will not hold good; for though Radiates similar to these were among
the earliest tenants of the abyss; yet as early as their time;
perhaps even before them; had been conceived and actualized; in the
sharks; and in Mr。 Hugh Miller's pets the old red sandstone fishes;
that very true vertebrate skull and brain; of which this is a mere
mockery。 (14) Here the whole animal; with his extraordinary
feeding mill; (for neither teeth nor jaws is a fit word for it;) is
enclosed within an ever…growing limestone castle; to the
architecture of which the Eddystone and the Crystal Palace are
bungling heaps; without arms or legs; eyes or ears; and yet
capable; in spite of his perpetual imprisonment; of walking;
feeding; and breeding; doubt it not; merrily enough。 But this
result has been attained at the expense of a complication of
structure; which has baffled all human analysis and research into
final causes。 As much concerning this most miraculous of families
as is needful to be known; and ten times more than you are likely
to understand; may be read in Harvey's 〃Sea…Side Book;〃 pp。 142…
148; … pages from which you will probably arise with a sense of the
infinity and complexity of Nature; even in what we are pleased to
call her 〃lower〃 forms; and the simplest and; as it were; easiest
forms of life。 Conceive a Crystal Palace; (for mere difference in
size; as both the naturalist and the metaphysician know; has
nothing to do with the wonder;) whereof each separate joist;
girder; and pane grows continually without altering the shape of
the whole; and you have conceived only one of the miracles embodied
in that little sea…egg; which the Creator has; as it were; to
justify to man His own immutability; furnished with a shell capable
of enduring fossil for countless ages; that we may confess Him to
have been as great when first His Spirit brooded on the deep; as He
is now and will be through all worlds to come。
But we must make haste; for the tide is rising fast; and our stone
will be restored to its eleven hours' bath; long before we have
talked over half the wonders which it holds。 Look though; ere you
retreat; at one or two more。
What is that little brown thing whom you have just taken off the
rock to which it adhered so stoutly by his sucking…foot? A limpet?
Not at all: he is of quite a different family and structure; but;
on the whole; a limpet…like shell would suit him well enough; so he
had one given him: nevertheless; owing to certain anatomical
peculiarities; he needed one aperture more than a limpet; so one;
if you will examine; has been given him at the top of his shell。
(15) This is one instance among a thousand of the way in which a
scientific knowledge of objects must not obey; but run counter to;
the impressions of sense; and of a custom in nature which makes
this caution so necessary; namely; the repetition of the same form;
slightly modified; in totally different animals; sometimes as if to
avoid waste; (for why should not the same conception be used in two
different cases; if it will suit in both?) and sometimes (more
marvellous by far) when an organ; fully developed and useful in one
species; appears in a cognate species but feeble; useless; and; as
it were; abortive; and gradually; in species still farther removed;
dies out altogether; placed there; it would seem; at first sight;
merely to keep up the family likeness。 I am half jesting; that
cannot be the only reason; perhaps not the reason at all; but the
fact is one of the most curious; and notorious also; in comparative
anatomy。
Look; again; at those sea…slugs。 One; some three inches long; of a
bright lemon…yellow; clouded with purple; another of a dingy grey;
(16) another exquisite little creature of a pearly French White;
(17) furred all over the back with what seem arms; but are really
gills; of ringed white and grey and black。 Put that yellow one
into water; and from his head; above the eyes; arise two serrated
horns; while from the after…part of his back springs a circular
Prince…of…Wales's…feather of gills; … they are almost exactly like
those which we saw just now in the white Cucumaria。 Yes; here is
another instance of the same custom of repetition。 The Cucumaria
is a low radiate animal … the sea…slug a far higher mollusc; and
every organ within him is formed on a different type; as indeed are
those seemingly identical gills; if you come to examine them under
the microscope; having to oxygenate fluids of a very different and
more complicated kind; and; moreover; the Cucumaria's gills were
put round his mouth; the Doris's feathers round the other
extremity; that grey Eolis's; again; are simple clubs; scattered
over his whole back; and in each of his nudibranch congeners these
same gills take some new and fantastic form; in Melibaea those
clubs are covered with warts; in Scyllaea; with tufted bouquets; in
the beautiful Antiopa they are transparent bags; and in many other
English species they take every conceivable form of leaf; tree;
flower; and branch; bedecked with every colour of the rainbow; as
you may see them depicted in Messrs。 Alder and Hancock's unrivalled
Monograph on the Nudibranch Mollusca。
And now; worshipper of final causes and the mere useful in nature;
answer but one question; … Why this prodigal variety? All these
Nudibranchs live in much the same way: why would not the same
mould have done for them all? And why; again; (for we must push
the argument a little further;) why have not all the butterflies;
at least all who feed on the same plant; the same markings? Of all
unfathomable triumphs of design; (we can only express ourselves
thus; for honest induction; as Paley so well teaches; allows us to
ascribe such results only to the design of some personal will and
mind;) what surpasses that by which the scales on a butterfly's
wing are arranged to produce a certain pattern of artistic beauty
beyond all painter's skill? What a waste of power; on any
utilitarian theory of nature! And once more; why are those strange
microscopic atomies; the Diatomaceae and Infusoria; which fill
every stagnant pool; which fringe every branch of sea…weed; which
form banks hundreds of miles long on the Arctic sea…floor; and the
strata of whole moorlands; which pervade in millions the mass of
every iceberg; and float aloft in countless swarms amid the clouds
of the volcanic dust; … why are their tiny shells of flint as
fantastically various in their quaint mathematical symmetry; as
they are countless beyond the wildest dreams of the Poet? Mystery
inexplicable on the conceited notion which; making man forsooth the
centre of the universe; dares to believe that this variety of forms
has existed for countless ages in abysmal sea…depths and untrodden
forests; only that some few individuals of the Western races might;
in these latter days; at last discover and admire a corner here and
there of the boundless realms of beauty。 Inexplicable; truly; if
man be the centre and the object of their existence; explicable
enough to him who believes that God has created all things for
Himself; and rejoices in His own handiwork; and that the material
universe is; as the wise man says; 〃A platform whereon His Eternal
Spirit sports and makes melody。〃 Of all the blessings which the
study of nature brings to the patient observer; let none; perhaps;
be classed higher than this: that the further he enters into those
fairy gardens of life and birth; which Spenser saw and described in
his great poem; the more he learns the awful and yet most
comfortable truth; that they do not belong to him; but to One
greater; wiser; lovelier than he; and as he stands; silent with
awe; amid the pomp of Nature's ever…busy rest; hears; as of old;
〃The Word of the Lord God walking among the trees of the garden in
the cool of the day。〃
One sight more; and we have done。 I had so
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