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glaucus-第25部分
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with hammer and chisel; at the expense of much dirt and patience;
for the moment it is touched it contracts deep into the rock; and
all that is left of the daisy flower; some two or three inches
across; is a blue knot of half the size of a marble。 But it will
expand again; after a day or two of captivity; and will repay all
the trouble which it has cost。 Troglodytes may be found; as I have
said already; in hundreds at Hastings; in similar situations to
that of Bellis; its only token; when the tide is down; being a
round dimple in the muddy sand which firs the lower cracks of
rocks。
But you will want more than these anemones; both for your own
amusement; and for the health of your tank。 Microscopic animals
will breed; and will also die; and you need for them some such
scavenger as our poor friend Squinado; to whom you were introduced
a few pages back。 Turn; then; a few stones which lie piled on each
other at extreme low…water mark; and five minutes' search will give
you the very animal you want; … a little crab; of a dingy russet
above; and on the under side like smooth porcelain。 His back is
quite flat; and so are his large angular fringed claws; which; when
he folds them up; lie in the same plane with his shell; and fit
neatly into its edges。 Compact little rogue that he is; made
especially for sidling in and out of cracks and crannies; he
carries with him such an apparatus of combs and brushes as Isidor
or Floris never dreamed of; with which he sweeps out of the sea…
water at every moment shoals of minute animalcules; and sucks them
into his tiny mouth。 Mr。 Gosse will tell you more of this marvel;
in his 〃Aquarium;〃 p。 48。
Next; your sea…weeds; if they thrive as they ought to do; will sow
their minute spores in millions around them; and these; as they
vegetate; will form a green film on the inside of the glass;
spoiling your prospect: you may rub it off for yourself; if you
will; with a rag fastened to a stick; but if you wish at once to
save yourself trouble; and to see how all emergencies in nature are
provided for; you will set three or four live shells to do it for
you; and to keep your sub…aqueous lawn close mown。
That last word is no figure of speech。 Look among the beds of sea…
weed for a few of the bright yellow or green sea…snails (Nerita);
or Conical Tops (Trochus); especially that beautiful pink one
spotted with brown (Ziziphinus); which you are sure to find about
shaded rock…ledges at dead low tide; and put them into your
aquarium。 For the present; they will only nibble the green ulvae;
but when the film of young weed begins to form; you will see it
mown off every morning as fast as it grows; in little semicircular
sweeps; just as if a fairy's scythe had been at work during the
night。
And a scythe has been at work; none other than the tongue of the
little shell…fish; a description of its extraordinary mechanism
(too long to quote here; but which is well worth reading) may be
found in Gosse's 〃Aquarium。〃 (32)
A prawn or two; and a few minute star…fish; will make your aquarium
complete; though you may add to it endlessly; as one glance at the
salt…water tanks of the Zoological Gardens; and the strange and
beautiful forms which they contain; will prove to you sufficiently。
You have two more enemies to guard against; dust; and heat。 If the
surface of the water becomes clogged with dust; the communication
between it and the life…giving oxygen of the air is cut off; and
then your animals are liable to die; for the very same reason that
fish die in a pond which is long frozen over; unless a hole be
broken in the ice to admit the air。 You must guard against this by
occasional stirring of the surface; or; as I have already said; by
syringing and by keeping on a cover。 A piece of muslin tied over
will do; but a better defence is a plate of glass; raised on wire
some half…inch above the edge; so as to admit the air。 I am not
sure that a sheet of brown paper laid over the vase is not the best
of all; because that; by its shade; also guards against the next
evil; which is heat。 Against that you must guard by putting a
curtain of muslin or oiled paper between the vase and the sun; if
it be very fierce; or simply (for simple expedients are best) by
laying a handkerchief over it till the heat is past。 But if you
leave your vase in a sunny window long enough to let the water get
tepid; all is over with your pets。 Half an hour's boiling may
frustrate the care of weeks。 And yet; on the other hand; light you
must have; and you can hardly have too much。 Some animals
certainly prefer shade; and hide in the darkest crannies; and for
them; if your aquarium is large enough; you must provide shade; by
arranging the bits of stone into piles and caverns。 But without
light; your sea…weeds will neither thrive nor keep the water sweet。
With plenty of light you will see; to quote Mr。 Gosse once more;
(33) 〃thousands of tiny globules forming on every plant; and even
all over the stones; where the infant vegetation is beginning to
grow; and these globules presently rise in rapid succession to the
surface all over the vessel; and this process goes on
uninterruptedly as long as the rays of the sun are uninterrupted。
〃Now these globules consist of PURE OXYGEN; given out by the plants
under the stimulus of light; and to this oxygen the animals in the
tank owe their life。 The difference between the profusion of
oxygen…bubbles produced on a sunny day; and the paucity of those
seen on a dark cloudy day; or in a northern aspect; is very
marked。〃 Choose; therefore; a south or east window; but draw down
the blind; or throw a handkerchief over all if the heat become
fierce。 The water should always feel cold to your hand; let the
temperature outside be what it may。
Next; you must make up for evaporation by FRESH water (a very
little will suffice); as often as in summer you find the water in
your vase sink below its original level; and prevent the water from
getting too salt。 For the salts; remember; do not evaporate with
the water; and if you left the vase in the sun for a few weeks; it
would become a mere brine…pan。
But how will you move your treasures up to town?
The simplest plan which I have found successful is an earthen jar。
You may buy them with a cover which screws on with two iron clasps。
If you do not find such; a piece of oilskin tied over the mouth is
enough。 But do not fill the jar full of water; leave about a
quarter of the contents in empty air; which the water may absorb;
and so keep itself fresh。 And any pieces of stone; or oysters;
which you send up; hang by a string from the mouth; that they may
not hurt tender animals by rolling about the bottom。 With these
simple precautions; anything which you are likely to find will well
endure forty…eight hours of travel。
What if the water fails; after all?
Then Mr。 Gosse's artificial sea…water will form a perfect
substitute。 You may buy the requisite salts (for there are more
salts than 〃salt〃 in sea…water) from any chemist to whom Mr。 Gosse
has entrusted his discovery; and; according to his directions; make
sea…water for yourself
One more hint before we part。 If; after all; you are not going
down to the sea…side this year; and have no opportunities of
testing 〃the wonders of the shore;〃 you may still study Natural
History in your own drawing…room; by looking a little into 〃the
wonders of the pond。〃
I am not jesting; a fresh…water aquarium; though by no means as
beautiful as a salt…water one; is even more easily established。 A
glass jar; floored with two or three inches of pond…mud (which
should be covered with fine gravel to prevent the mud washing up);
a specimen of each of two water…plants which you may buy now at any
good shop in Covent Garden; Vallisneria spiralis (which is said to
give to the Canvas…backed duck of America its peculiar richness of
flavour); and Anacharis alsinastrum; that magical weed which;
lately introduced from Canada among timber; has multiplied; self…
sown; to so prodigious an extent; that it bid fair; a few years
since; to choke the navigation not only of our canals and fen…
rivers; but of the Thames itself: (34) or; in default of these;
some of the more delicate pond…weeds; such as Callitriche;
Potamogeton pusillum; and; best of all; perhaps; the beautiful
Water…Milfoil (Myriophyllium); whose comb…like leaves are the
haunts of numberless rare and curious animalcules:… these (in
themselves; from the transparency of their circulation; interesting
microscopic objects) for oxygen…breeding vegetables; and for
animals; the pickings of any pond; a minnow or two; an eft; a few
of the delicate pond…snails (unless they devour your plants too
rapidly): water…beetles; of a
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