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glaucus-第9部分

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clearly。  The valves gape apart some three…quarters of an inch。  

The semi…pellucid orange 〃mantle〃 fills the intermediate space。  

Through that mantle; at the end from which the foot curves; the 

siphons protrude; two thick short tubes joined side by side; their 

lips fringed with pearly cirri; or fringes; and very beautiful they 

are。  The larger is always open; taking in the water; which is at 

once the animal's food and air; and which; flowing over the 

delicate inner surface of the mantle; at once oxygenates its blood; 

and fills its stomach with minute particles of decayed organized 

matter。  The smaller is shut。  Wait a minute; and it will open 

suddenly and discharge a jet of clear water; which has been robbed; 

I suppose; of its oxygen and its organic matter。  But; I suppose; 

your eyes will be rather attracted by that same scarlet and orange 

foot; which is being drawn in and thrust out to a length of nearly 

four inches; striking with its point against any opposing object; 

and sending the whole shell backwards with a jerk。  The point; you 

see; is sharp and tongue…like; only flattened; not horizontally; 

like a tongue; but perpendicularly; so as to form; as it was 

intended; a perfect sand…plough; by which the animal can move at 

will; either above or below the surface of the sand。 (2)



But for colour and shape; to what shall we compare it?  To polished 

cornelian; says Mr。 Gosse。  I say; to one of the great red 

capsicums which hang drying in every Covent…garden seedsman's 

window。  Yet is either simile better than the guess of a certain 

lady; who; entering a room wherein a couple of Cardium tuberculatum 

were waltzing about a plate; exclaimed; 〃Oh dear!  I always heard 

that my pretty red coral came out of a fish; and here it is all 

alive!〃



〃C。 tuberculatum;〃 says Mr。 Gosse (who described it from specimens 

which I sent him in 1854); 〃is far the finest species。  The valves 

are more globose and of a warmer colour; those that I have seen are 

even more spinous。〃  Such may have been the case in those I sent:  

but it has occurred to me now and then to dredge specimens of C。 

aculeatum; which had escaped that rolling on the sand fatal in old 

age to its delicate spines; and which equalled in colour; size; and 

perfectness the noble one figured in poor dear old Dr。 Turton's 

〃British Bivalves。〃  Besides; aculeatum is a far thinner and more 

delicate shell。  And a third species; C。 echinatum; with curves 

more graceful and continuous; is to be found now and then with the 

two former。  In it; each point; instead of degenerating into a 

knot; as in tuberculatum; or developing from delicate flat briar…

prickles into long straight thorns; as in aculeatum; is close…set 

to its fellow; and curved at the point transversely to the shell; 

the whole being thus horrid with hundreds of strong tenterhooks; 

making his castle impregnable to the raveners of the deep。  For we 

can hardly doubt that these prickles are meant as weapons of 

defence; without which so savoury a morsel as the mollusc within 

(cooked and eaten largely on some parts of our south coast) would 

be a staple article of food for sea…beasts of prey。  And it is 

noteworthy; first; that the defensive thorns which are permanent on 

the two thinner species; aculeatum and echinatum; disappear 

altogether on the thicker one; tuberculatum; as old age gives him a 

solid and heavy globose shell; and next; that he too; while young 

and tender; and liable therefore to be bored through by whelks and 

such murderous univalves; does actually possess the same briar…

prickles; which his thinner cousins keep throughout life。  

Nevertheless; prickles; in all three species; are; as far as we can 

see; useless in Torbay; where no wolf…fish (Anarrhichas lupus) or 

other owner of shell…crushing jaws wanders; terrible to lobster and 

to cockle。  Originally intended; as we suppose; to face the strong…

toothed monsters of the Mediterranean; these foreigners have 

wandered northward to shores where their armour is not now needed; 

and yet centuries of idleness and security have not been able to 

persuade them to lay it by。  This … if my explanation is the right 

one … is but one more case among hundreds in which peculiarities; 

useful doubtless to their original possessors; remain; though now 

useless; in their descendants。  Just so does the tame ram inherit 

the now superfluous horns of his primeval wild ancestors; though he 

fights now … if he fights at all … not with his horns; but with his 

forehead。



Enough of Cardium tuberculatum。  Now for the other animals of the 

heap; and first; for those long white razors。  They; as well as the 

grey scimitars; are Solens; Razor…fish (Solen siliqua and S。 

ensis); burrowers in the sand by that foot which protrudes from one 

end; nimble in escaping from the Torquay boys; whom you will see 

boring for them with a long iron screw; on the sands at low tide。  

They are very good to eat; these razor…fish; at least; for those 

who so think them; and abound in millions upon all our sandy 

shores。 (3)



Now for the tapering brown spires。  They are Turritellae; snail…

like animals (though the form of the shell is different); who crawl 

and browse by thousands on the beds of Zostera; or grass wrack; 

which you see thrown about on the beach; and which grows naturally 

in two or three fathoms water。  Stay:  here is one which is 〃more 

than itself。〃  On its back is mounted a cluster of barnacles 

(Balanus Porcatus); of the same family as those which stud the 

tide…rocks in millions; scratching the legs of hapless bathers。  Of 

them; I will speak presently; for I may have a still more curious 

member of the family to show you。  But meanwhile; look at the mouth 

of the shell; a long grey worm protrudes from it; which is not the 

rightful inhabitant。  He is dead long since; and his place has been 

occupied by one Sipunculus Bernhardi; a wight of low degree; who 

connects 〃radiate〃 with annulate forms … in plain English; sea…

cucumbers (of which we shall see some soon) with sea…worms。  But 

however low in the scale of comparative anatomy; he has wit enough 

to take care of himself; mean ugly little worm as he seems。  For 

finding the mouth of the Turritella too big for him; he has 

plastered it up with sand and mud (Heaven alone knows how); just as 

a wry…neck plasters up a hole in an apple…tree when she intends to 

build therein; and has left only a round hole; out of which he can 

poke his proboscis。  A curious thing is this proboscis; when seen 

through the magnifier。  You perceive a ring of tentacles round the 

mouth; for picking up I know not what; and you will perceive; too; 

if you watch it; that when he draws it in; he turns mouth; 

tentacles and all; inwards; and so down into his stomach; just as 

if you were to turn the finger of a glove inward from the tip till 

it passed into the hand; and so performs; every time he eats; the 

clown's as yet ideal feat; of jumping down his own throat。 (4)



So much have we seen on one little shell。  But there is more to see 

close to it。  Those yellow plants which I likened to squirrels' 

tails and lobsters' horns; and what not; are zoophytes of different 

kinds。  Here is Sertularia argentea (true squirrel's tail); here; 

S。 filicula; as delicate as tangled threads of glass; here; 

abietina; here; rosacea。  The lobsters' horns are Antennaria 

antennina; and mingled with them are Plumulariae; always to be 

distinguished from Sertulariae by polypes growing on one side of 

the branch; and not on both。  Here is falcata; with its roots 

twisted round a sea…weed。  Here is cristata; on the same weed; and 

here is a piece of the beautiful myriophyllum; which has been 

battered in its long journey out of the deep water about the ore 

rock。  For all these you must consult Johnson's 〃Zoophytes;〃 and 

for a dozen smaller species; which you would probably find tangled 

among them; or parasitic on the sea…weed。  Here are Flustrae; or 

sea…mats。  This; which smells very like Verbena; is Flustra 

coriacea (Pl。 I。 Fig。 2)。  That scurf on the frond of ore…weed is 

F。 lineata (Pl。 Fig。 1)。  The glass bells twined about this 

Sertularia are Campanularia syringa (Pl。 I。 Fig。 9); and here is a 

tiny plant of Cellularia ciliata (Pl。 I。 Fig。 8)。  Look at it 

through the field…glass; for it is truly wonderful。  Each polype 

cell is edged with whip…like spines; and on the back of some of 

them is … what is it; but a live vulture's head; snapping and 

snapping … what for?



Nay; reader; I am here to show you what can be seen:  but as for 

telling you what can be known; much more what cannot; I decline; 

and refer you to Johnson's 〃Zoophytes;〃 wherein you will find that 

several species of polypes carry these same birds' heads:  but 

whether they be parts of the polype; and of what use they are; no 

man living knoweth。



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