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on　was　styled　Hycsos；　that　is；　Shepherd…kings：　for　the　first　syllable　Hyc；　according　to　the　sacred　dialect；　denotes　a　king；　as　is　Sos　a　shepherd；　but　this　according　to　the　ordinary　dialect；　and　of　these　is　compounded　Hycsos：　but　some　say　that　these　people　were　Arabians。〃　Now　in　another　copy　it　is　said　that　this　word　does　not　denote　Kings；　but；　on　the　contrary；　denotes　Captive　Shepherds；　and　this　on　account　of　the　particle　Hyc；　for　that　Hyc；　with　the　aspiration；　in　the　Egyptian　tongue　again　denotes　Shepherds；　and　that　expressly　also；　and　this　to　me　seems　the　more　probable　opinion；　and　more　agreeable　to　ancient　history。　＇But　Manetho　goes　on＇：　〃These　people；　whom　we　have　before　named　kings；　and　called　shepherds　also；　and　their　descendants；〃　as　he　says；　〃kept　possession　of　Egypt　five　hundred　and　eleven　years。〃　After　these；　he　says；　〃That　the　kings　of　Thebais　and　the　other　parts　of　Egypt　made　an　insurrection　against　the　shepherds；　and　that　there　a　terrible　and　long　war　was　made　between　them。〃　He　says　further；　〃That　under　a　king；　whose　name　was　Alisphragmuthosis；　the　shepherds　were　subdued　by　him；　and　were　indeed　driven　out　of　other　parts　of　Egypt；　but　were　shut　up　in　a　place　that　contained　ten　thousand　acres；　this　place　was　named　Avaris。〃　Manetho　says；　〃That　the　shepherds　built　a　wall　round　all　this　place；　which　was　a　large　and　a　strong　wall；　and　this　in　order　to　keep　all　their　possessions　and　their　prey　within　a　place　of　strength；　but　that　Thummosis　the　son　of　Alisphragmuthosis　made　an　attempt　to　take　them　by　force　and　by　siege；　with　four　hundred　and　eighty　thousand　men　to　lie　rotund　about　them；　but　that；　upon　his　despair　of　taking　the　place　by　that　siege；　they　came　to　a　composition　with　them；　that　they　should　leave　Egypt；　and　go；　without　any　harm　to　be　done　to　them；　whithersoever　they　would；　and　that；　after　this　composition　was　made；　they　went　away　with　their　whole　families　and　effects；　not　fewer　in　number　than　two　hundred　and　forty　thousand；　and　took　their　journey　from　Egypt；　through　the　wilderness；　for　Syria；　but　that　as　they　were　in　fear　of　the　Assyrians；　who　had　then　the　dominion　over　Asia；　they　built　a　city　in　that　country　which　is　now　called　Judea；　and　that　large　enough　to　contain　this　great　number　of　men；　and　called　it　Jerusalem。　（9）　Now　Manetho；　in　another　book　of　his；　says；　〃That　this　nation；　thus　called　Shepherds；　were　also　called　Captives；　in　their　sacred　books。〃　And　this　account　of　his　is　the　truth；　for　feeding　of　sheep　was　the　employment　of　our　forefathers　in　the　most　ancient　ages　（10）　and　as　they　led　such　a　wandering　life　in　feeding　sheep；　they　were　called　Shepherds。　Nor　was　it　without　reason　that　they　were　called　Captives　by　the　Egyptians；　since　one　of　our　ancestors；　Joseph；　told　the　king　of　Egypt　that　he　was　a　captive；　and　afterward　sent　for　his　brethren　into　Egypt　by　the　king's　permission。　But　as　for　these　matters；　I　shall　make　a　more　exact　inquiry　about　them　elsewhere。　（11）

15。　But　now　I　shall　produce　the　Egyptians　as　witnesses　to　the　antiquity　of　our　nation。　I　shall　therefore　here　bring　in　Manetho　again；　and　what　he　writes　as　to　the　order　of　the　times　in　this　case；　and　thus　he　speaks：　〃When　this　people　or　shepherds　were　gone　out　of　Egypt　to　Jerusalem；　Tethtoosis　the　king　of　Egypt；　who　drove　them　out；　reigned　afterward　twenty…five　years　and　four　months；　and　then　died；　after　him　his　son　Chebron　took　the　kingdom　for　thirteen　years；　after　whom　came　Amenophis；　for　twenty　years　and　seven　months；　then　came　his　sister　Amesses；　for　twenty…one　years　and　nine　months；　after　her　came　Mephres；　for　twelve　years　and　nine　months；　after　him　was　Mephramuthosis；　for　twenty…five　years　and　ten　months；　after　him　was　Thmosis；　for　nine　years　and　eight　months；　after　him　came　Amenophis；　for　thirty　years　and　ten　months；　after　him　came　Orus；　for　thirty…six　years　and　five　months；　then　came　his　daughter　Acenchres；　for　twelve　years　and　one　month；　then　was　her　brother　Rathotis；　for　nine　years；　then　was　Acencheres；　for　twelve　years　and　five　months；　then　came　another　Acencheres；　for　twelve　years　and　three　months；　after　him　Armais；　for　four　years　and　one　month；　after　him　was　Ramesses；　for　one　year　and　four　months；　after　him　came　Armesses　Miammoun；　for　sixty…six　years　and　two　months；　after　him　Amenophis；　for　nineteen　years　and　six　months；　after　him　came　Sethosis；　and　Ramesses；　who　had　an　army　of　horse；　and　a　naval　force。　This　king　appointed　his　brother；　Armais；；　to　be　his　deputy　over　Egypt。〃　＇In　another　copy　it　stood　thus：　After　him　came　Sethosis；　and　Ramesses；　two　brethren；　the　former　of　whom　had　a　naval　force；　and　in　a　hostile　manner　destroyed　those　that　met　him　upon　the　sea；　but　as　he　slew　Ramesses　in　no　long　time　afterward；　so　he　appointed　another　of　his　brethren　to　be　his　deputy　over　Egypt。＇　He　also　gave　him　all　the　other　authority　of　a　king；　but　with　these　only　injunctions；　that　he　should　not　wear　the　diadem；　nor　be　injurious　to　the　queen；　the　mother　of　his　children；　and　that　he　should　not　meddle　with　the　other　concubines　of　the　king；　while　he　made　an　expedition　against　Cyprus；　and　Phoenicia；　and　besides　against　the　Assyrians　and　the　Medes。　He　then　subdued　them　all；　some　by　his　arms；　some　without　fighting；　and　some　by　the　terror　of　his　great　army；　and　being　puffed　up　by　the　great　successes　he　had　had；　he　went　on　still　the　more　boldly；　and　overthrew　the　cities　and　countries　that　lay　in　the　eastern　parts。　But　after　some　considerable　time；　Armais；　who　was　left　in　Egypt；　did　all　those　very　things；　by　way　of　opposition；　which　his　brother　had　forbid　him　to　do；　without　fear；　for　he　used　violence　to　the　queen；　and　continued　to　make　use　of　the　rest　of　the　concubines；　without　sparing　any　of　them；　nay；　at　the　persuasion　of　his　friends　he　put　on　the　diadem；　and　set　up　to　oppose　his　brother。　But　then　he　who　was　set　over　the　priests　of　Egypt　wrote　letters　to　Sethosis；　and　informed　him　of　all　that　had　happened；　and　how　his　brother　had　set　up　to　oppose　him：　he　therefore　returned　back　to　Pelusium　immediately；　and　recovered　his　kingdom　again。　The　country　also　was　called　from　his　name　Egypt；　for　Manetho　says；　that　Sethosis　was　himself　called　Egyptus；　as　was　his　brother　Armais　called　Danaus。〃

16。　This　is　Manetho's　account。　And　evident　it　is　from　the　number　of　years　by　him　set　down　belonging　to　this　interval；　if　they　be　summed　up　together；　that　these　shepherds；　as　they　are　here　called；　who　were　no　other　than　our　forefathers；　were　delivered　out　of　Egypt；　and　came　thence；　and　inhabited　this　country；　three　hundred　and　ninety…three　years　before　Danaus　came　to　Argos；　although　the　Argives　look　upon　him　（12）　as　their　most　ancient　king　Manetho；　therefore；　hears　this　testimony　to　two　points　of　the　greatest　consequence　to　our　purpose；　and　those　from　the　Egyptian　records　themselves。　In　the　first　place；　that　we　came　out　of　another　country　into　Egypt；　and　that　withal　our　deliverance　out　of　it　was　so　ancient　in　time　as　to　have　preceded　the　siege　of　Troy　almost　a　thousand　years；　but　then；　as　to　those　things　which　Manetbo　adds；　not　from　the　Egyptian　records；　but；　as　he　confesses　himself；　from　some　stories　of　an　uncertain　original；　I　will　disprove　them　hereafter　particularly；　and　shall　demonstrate　that　they　are　no　better　than　incredible　fables。

17。　I　will　now；　therefore；　pass　from　these　records；　and　come　to　those　that　belong　to　the　Phoenicians；　and　concern　our　nation；　and　shall　produce　attestations　to　what　I　have　said　out　of　them。　There　are　then　records　among　the　Tyrians　that　take　in　the　history　of　many　years；　and　these　are　public　writings；　and　are　kept　with　great　exactness；　and　include　accounts　of　the　facts　done　among　them；　and　such　as　concern　their　transactions　with　other　nations　also；　those　I　mean　which　were　worth　remembering。　Therein　it　was　recorded　that　the　temple　was　built　by　king　Solomon　at　Jerusalem；　one　hundred　forty…three　years　and　eight　months　before　the　Tyrians　built　Carthage；　and　in　their　annals　the　building　of　our　temple　is　related；　for　Hirom；　the　king　of　Tyre；　was　the　friend　of　Solomon　our　king；　and　had　such　friendship　transmitted　down　to　him　from　his　forefathers。　He　thereupon　was　ambitious　to　contribute　to　the　splendor　of　this　edifice　of　Solomon；　and　made　him　a　present　of　one　hundred　and　twenty　talents　of　gold。　He　also　cut　down　the　most　excellent　timber　out　of　that　mountain　which　is　called　Libanus；　and　sent　it　to　him　for　adorning　its　roof。　Solomon　also　not　only　made　him　many　other　presents；　by　way　of　requital；　but　gave　him　a　country　in　Galilee　also；　that　was　called　Chabulon。　（13）　But　there　was　another　passion；　a　philosophic　inclination　of　theirs；　which　cemented　the　friendship　that　was　betwixt　them；　for　they　sent　mutual　problems　to　one　another；　with　a　desire　to　have　them　unriddled　by　each　other；　wherein　Solomon　was　superior　to　Hirom；　as　he　was　wiser　than　he　in　other　respects：　and　many　of　the　epistles　that　passed　between　them　are　still　preserved　among　the　Tyrians。　Now；　that　this　may　not　depend　on　my　bare　word；　I　will　produce　for　a　witness　Dius；　one　that　is　believed　to　have　written　the　Phoenician　History　after　an　accurate　manner。　This　Dius；　therefore；　writes　thus；　in　his　Histories　of　the　Phoenicians：　〃Upon　the　death　of　Abibalus；　his　son　Hirom　took　the　kingdom。　This　king　raised　banks　at　the　eastern　parts　of　the　city；　and　enlarged　it；　he　also　joined　the　temple　of　Jupiter