criminal psychology-第136部分

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　stretch　of　road　was　familiar　to　him。　The　railroad　trains；　the　public　buildings；　the　rivers；　all　the　notable　places　seemed　to　lie　on　the　wrong　side。　This


＇1＇　S。　Exner：　Entwurf；　etc。

　is　particularly　characteristic　if　a　city　is　entered；　especially　at　night；　through　a　railroad　terminal；　and　the　locomotive　is　attached　to　the　rear　of　the　train。　In　the　daily　life　the　alteration　of　objects　by　locations　is　familiar。　How　different　a　landscape　seems　at　night　or　in　winter；　although　it　has　been　observed　hundreds　of　times　during　the　day　or　in　summer。　It　is　good　to　look　around　frequently　on　the　road；　particularly　at　cross…roads；　if　the　way　back　is　to　be　kept　in　mind。　Even　the　starting　point　may　have　a　disturbing　effect　on　the　sense　of　place。　For　example；　if　you　have　traveled　numerous　times　on　the　train　from　A　to　B；　and　for　once　you　start　your　journey　from　C；　which　is　beyond　A；　the　familiar　stretch　from　A　to　B　looks　quite　different　and　may　even　become　unrecognizable。　The　estimation　of　time　may　exercise　considerable　influence　on　such　and　similar　local　effects。　Under　most　circumstances　we　tend；　as　is　known；　to　reduce　subjectively　great　time…spans；　and　hence；　when　more　time　than　customary　is　required　by　an　event；　this　becomes　subjectively　smaller；　not　only　for　the　whole　event　but　also　for　each　of　its　parts。　In　this　way　what　formerly　seemed　to　extend　through　an　apparently　long　period　seems　now　to　be　compressed　into　a　shorter　one。　Then　everything　appears　too　soon　and　adds　to　the　foreign　aspect　of　the　matter。

The　case　is　similar　for　time…differences。　Uphues＇1＇　cites　an　example：　‘‘If　a　person　has　not　heard　a　bell　or　anything　else　for　some　time　and　then　hears　it　again；　the　question　whether　the　object　existed　in　the　interval　does　not　arise。　It　is　recognized　again　and　that　is　enough。''　Certainly　it　is　enough　for　us；　but　whether　the　thing　is　true；　whether　really　the　same　phenomena　or　only　similar　ones　have　been　noted；　is　another　question　rarely　asked。　If　the　man　or　the　bell　is　the　same　that　we　now　perceive　anew；　the　inference　is　involuntarily　drawn　that　they　must　have　persisted；　but　we　eliminate　altogether　the　lapse　of　time　and　suppose　unconsciously　that　the　entity　in　question　must　have　been　on　the　spot　through　the　whole　period。　One　needs　only　to　observe　how　quickly　witnesses　tend　to　identify　objects　presented　for　identification：　e。　g。　knives；　letters；　purses；　etc。　To　receive　for　identification　and　to　say　yes；　is　often　the　work　of　an　instant。　The　witness　argues；　quite　unconsciously；　in　this　fashion：　‘‘I　have　given　the　judge　only　one　clew　（perhaps　different　from　the　one　in　question）；　now　here　again　is　a　clew；　hence；　it　must　be　the　one　I　gave　him。''　That　the　matter　may　have　changed；　that　there　has　been　some　confusion；　that　perhaps


＇1＇　Die　Wahrnehmung　und　Empfinding。　Leipzig　1888。

　other　witnesses　have　given　similar　things；　is　not　at　all　considered。　Here　again　we　have　to　beware　of　confusing　of　identities　with　agreements。

Finally；　we　must　consider　fatigue　and　other　conditions　of　excitation。　Everybody　knows　how　things　read　late　at　night　seem　absolute　nonsense；　and　become　simple　and　obvious　the　next　morning。　In　the　same　way；　we　may　take　a　thing　to　be　thus　and　so　while　tired　in　the　evening；　and　in　the　morning　see　our　notion　to　be　a　coarse　misunderstanding。　Hoppe　tells　of　a　hospital　interne　who　became　so　excited　and　tired　through　frequent　calls　that　he　heard　the　tick…　tack　of　his　watch　as　‘‘Oh…doc…tor。''　A　witness　who　has　been　subjected　to　a　prolonged　and　fatiguing　examination　falls　into　a　similar　condition　and　knows　at　the　end　much　less　than　at　the　beginning。　Finally；　he　altogether　misunderstands　the　questions　put　to　him。　The　situation　becomes　still　worse　when　the　defendant　has　been　so　subjected　to　examination；　and　becomes　involved；　because　of　fatigue；　etc。；　in　the　famous　‘‘contradictions。''　If　‘‘convincing　contradictions''　occur　at　the　end　of　a　long　examination　of　a　witness　or　a　defendant；　it　is　well　to　find　out　how　long　the　examination　took。　If　it　took　much　time　the　contradictions　mean　little。

The　same　phenomena　of　fatigue　may　even　lead　to　suspicion　of　negligence。　Doctors；　trained　nurses；　nursery　maids；　young　mothers；　etc。；　who　became　guilty　of　‘‘negligence''　of　invalids　and　children　have；　in　many　instances；　merely　‘‘misunderstood''　because　of　great　fatigue。　It　is　for　this　reason　that　the　numerous　sad　cases　occur　in　which　machine…tenders；　switch…tenders；　etc。；　are　punished　for　negligence。　If　a　man　of　this　class；　year　after　year；　serves　twenty…three　hours；　then　rests　seven　hours；　then　serves　twenty…three　hours　again；　etc。；　he　is　inevitably　overtaken　by　fatigue　and　nervous　relaxation　in　which　signals；　warnings；　calls；　etc。；　are　simply　misunderstood。　Statistics　tend　to　show　that　the　largest　number　of　accidents　occur　at　the　end　of　a　period　of　service；　i。　e。；　at　the　time　of　greatest　fatigue。　But　even　if　this　were　not　the　case　some　reference　must　be　made　to　chronic　fatigue。　If　a　man　gets　only　seven　hours'　rest　after　intense　labor；　part　of　the　fatigue…elements　must　have　remained。　They　accumulate　in　time；　finally　they　summate；　and　exercise　their　influence　even　at　the　beginning　of　the　service。　Socialists　complain　justly　about　this　matter。　The　most　responsible　positions　are　occupied　by　chronically　fatigued　individuals；　and　when　nature　extorts　her　rights　we　punish　the　helpless　men。

The　case　is　the　same　with　people　who　have　much　to　do　with　　moneytax；　post；　bank；　and　treasury　officials；　who　are　obliged　to　attend　rigorously　to　monotonous　workthe　reception　and　distribution　of　money；　easily　grow　tired。　Men　of　experience　in　this　profession　have　assured　me　that　they　often；　when　fatigued；　take　money；　count　it；　sign　a　receipt　and　thenreturn　the　money　to　the　person　who　brought　it。　Fortunately　they　recognize　their　mistake　in　the　astonishment　of　the　receiver。　If；　however；　they　do　not　recognize　it；　or　the　receiver　is　sly　enough　calmly　to　walk　off　with　the　money；　if　the　sum　is　great　and　restitution　not　easily　possible；　and　if；　moreover；　the　official　happens　to　be　in　the　bad　graces　of　his　superiors；　he　does　not　have　much　chance　in　the　prosecution　for　embezzlement；　which　is　more　likely　than　not　to　be　begun　against　him。＇1＇　Any　affection；　any　stimulus；　any　fatigue　may　tend　to　make　people　passive；　and　hence；　less　able　to　defend　themselves。

A　well　known　Berlin　psychiatrist　tells　the　following　story：　‘‘When　I　was　still　an　apprentice　in　an　asylum；　I　always　carried　the　keys　of　the　cells　with　me。　One　day　I　went　to　the　opera；　and　had　a　seat　in　the　parquette。　Between　the　acts　I　went　into　the　corridor。　On　returning　I　made　a　mistake；　and　saw　before　me　a　door　which　had　the　same　kind　of　lock　as　the　cell…doors　in　the　asylum；　stuck　my　hand　into　my　pocket；　took　out　my　keywhich　fitted；　and　found　myself　suddenly　in　a　loge。　Now　would　it　not　be　possible　in　this　way；　purely　by　reflex　action；　to　turn　into　a　burglar？''　Of　course　we　should　hardly　believe　a　known　burglar　if　he　were　to　tell　us　such　a　story。


（e）　_The　Lie_。　Section　108。　（I）　I。　General　Considerations。

In　a　certain　sense　a　large　part　of　the　criminalist's　work　is　nothing　more　than　a　battle　against　lies。　He　has　to　discover　the　truth　and　must　fight　the　opposite。　He　meets　this　opposite　at　every　step。　The　accused；　often　one　who　has　confessed　completely；　many　of　the　witnesses；　try　to　get　advantage　of　him；　and　frequently　he　has　to　struggle　with　himself　when　he　perceives　that　he　is　working　in　a　direction　which　he　can　not　completely　justify。　Utterly　to　vanquish　the　lie；　particularly　in　our　work；　is　of　course；　impossible；　and　to　describe　its　nature　exhaustively　is　to　write　a　natural　history　of　mankind。　We　must　limit　ourselves　to　the　consideration　of　a　definite　number　of　means；　great　and　small；　which　will　make　our　work　easier；


＇1＇　Cf。　Lohsing　in　H。　Gross's　Archiv　VII；　331。

　will　warn　us　of　the　presence　of　deception；　and　will　prevent　its　playing　a　part。　I　have　attempted　to　compile　forms　of　it　according　to　intent；　and　will　here　add　a　few　words。＇1＇

That　by　the　lie　is　meant　the　intentional　deliverance　of　a　conscious　untruth　for　the　purpose　of　deception　is　as　familiar　as　the　variety　of　opinion　concerning　the　permissibility　of　so…called　necessary　lies；　of　the　pious；　of　the　pedagogic；　and　the　conventional。　We　have　to　assume　here　the　standpoint　of　absolute　rigorism；　and　to　say　with　Kant；＇2＇　‘‘The　lie　in　its　mere　form　is　man's　crime　against　his　own　nature；　and　is　a　vice　which　must　make　a　man　disreputable　in　his　own　eyes。''　We　can　not　actually　think　of　a　single　case　in　which　we　find　any　ground　for　lying。　For　we　lawyers　need　have　no　pedagogical　duties；　nor　are　we　compelled　to　teach　people　manners；　and　a　situation　in　which　we　may　save　ourselves　by　lying　is　unthinkable。　Of　course；　we　will　not　speak　all　we　know；　indeed；　a　proper　silence　is　a　sign　of　a　good　criminalist；　but　we　need　never　lie。　The　beginner　must　especially　learn　that　the　‘‘good　intention''　to　serve　the　case　and　the　so…called　excusing　‘‘eagerness　to　do　one's　duty；''　by　which　little　lies　are　sometimes　justified；　have　absolutely　no　worth。　An　incidental　word　as　if　the　accomplice　had　confessed；　an　expression　intending　to　convey　that　you　know　more　than　you　do；　a　perversion　of　some　earlier　statement　of　the　witness；　and　similar　‘‘permissible　tricks；'