criminal psychology-第141部分

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selves　more　and　more　among　uneducated　people　who　are　not　habituated　to　the　limitation　of　their　emotional　expression　by　reference　to　the　forms　of　the　world　of　fashion。　Without　this　control；　every　stimulation　intensifies　the　emotion；　since　every　natural　expression　adds　to　its　vividness。　The　irritability　taken　in　itself　is　at　this　stage　less　dominant；　inasmuch　as　the　drinker　is　at　the　same　time　satisfied　with　himself；　and　the　self…satisfaction　makes　the　irritability　endurable。　Only　some　accidental　circumstance　can　intensify　and　spread　this　irritability。　Such　circumstances　intensify　the　drunkard　s　liveliness　and　lead　to　the　outbreak　of　merriment　approximating　upon　hilarity；　then　to　a　verbal　quarrel；　which　need　not　yet　be　a　real　quarrel　and　may　be　conducted　in　all　friendship。　It　seems　that　in　most　cases　the　irritability　is　excited　through　the　fact　that　the　drunkard's　self…satisfaction　speedily　lapses；　or　that　he　is　disturbed　in　doing　things　about　which　he　is　conceited。　Now　so　long　as　the　intoxication　does　not　exceed　this　stage；　its　effects　and　the　outbreaks　of　its　passions　may　be　suppressed。　The　drinker　is　here　still　self…possessed　and　is　not　likely　to　lose　control　of　himself　unless　he　is　progressively　excited　thereto。　

‘‘In　the　next　period　of　intoxication；　the　drunkard　still　has　his　senses；　although；　all　in　all；　they　are　considerably　weaker　than　usual；　and　he　is　somewhat　beside　himself。　Memory　and　understanding　have　quite　left　him。　Hence；　he　acts　as　if　the　present　moment　were　the　only　one；　the　idea　of　the　consequences　of　his　actions　having　no　effect　upon　him　because　he　no　longer　sees　the　connection　between　the　two。　And　since　his　whole　past　has　disappeared　from　his　mind　he　can　not　consider　his　more　remote　circumstances。　He　acts；　therefore；　as　he　might　if　the　memories　of　his　circumstances　and　ideas　of　the　consequences　of　his　actions　did　not　control　his　conduct；　and　lead　him　to　rule　himself。　The　slightest　excitation　may　awaken　all　his　strongest　passion　which　then　carry　him　away。　Again；　the　slightest　excuse　may　turn　him　from　what　he　has　in　mind。　In　this　condition　he　is　much　more　dangerous　to　himself　and　others　because　he　is　impelled　not　only　by　the　irresistible　force　of　his　passions；　but　because；　also；　he　rarely　knows　what　he　is　doing　and　must　be　considered　a　pure　fool。

‘‘In　the　last　period；　the　drunkard　has　so　lost　his　senses　that　he　has　no　more　idea　of　his　external　environment。''

With　regard　to　particular　conditions；　it　may　be　held　that　the　quantity　of　drink　is　indifferent。　Apart　from　the　fact　that　we　know　nothing　about　the　quantity　of　alcohol　a　man　has　taken　when　we　hear　merely　about　so　and　so　many　liters　of　wine　or　so　and　so　much　brandy；　the　influence　of　quantities　is　individual；　and　no　general　rule　whatever　can　be　laid　down。　As　a　matter　of　fact；　there　are　young　and　powerful　men　who　may　become　quite　foolish　on　half　a　glass　of　wine；　especially　when　they　are　angry；　frightened；　or　otherwise　excited；　and　there　are　weak　old　people　who　can　carry　unbelievable　quantities。　In　short；　the　question　of　quantity　is　altogether　foolish。　The　appearance　and　constitution　of　an　individual　offers　as　little　ground　for　inference　as　quantity。　The　knowledge　of　a　man's　regular　attitude　toward　the　consumption　of　alcohol　is　a　safer　guide。　Hellenbach　asserts　that　wine　has　always　the　same　influence　on　the　same　individual；　one　always　becomes　more　loquacious；　another　more　silent；　a　third　more　sad；　a　fourth　merrier。　And　up　to　a　certain　limit　this　is　true；　but　there　is　always　the　question　of　what　the　limit　is；　inasmuch　as　many　individuals　pass　through　different　emotional　conditions　at　different　stages。　It　often　happens　that　a　person　in　the　first　stage　who　wants　to　‘‘embrace　the　world　and　kiss　everybody；''　may　change　his　mood　and　become　dangerous。　Thus；　anybody　who　has　seen　him　several　times　in　the　first　stage　may　make　the　mistake　of　believing　that　he　　can　not　pass　it。　In　this　direction　explanations　must　be　made　very　carefully　if　they　are　not　to　be　false　and　deceptive。

It　is　important；　also；　to　know　how　a　man　drinks。　It　is　known　that　a　small　quantity　of　wine　can　intoxicate　if　it　is　soaked　up　with　bread　which　is　repeatedly　dipped　into　the　wine。　Wine　drunk　in　the　cellar　works　with　similar　vigor　if　one　laughs；　is　merry；　is　vexed；　while　drinking；　or　if　a　large　variety　of　drinks　is　taken；　or　if　they　are　taken　on　an　empty　stomach。　For　the　various　effects　of　alcohol；　and　for　its　effects　on　the　same　person　under　different　conditions；　see　Mnsterberg's　‘‘Beitrage　zur　Experimentellen　Psychologie；''　Heft　IV。

The　effect　of　alcohol　on　memory　is　remarkable　in　so　far　as　it　often　happens　that　many　people　lose　their　memory　only　with　respect　to　a　single　very　narrow　sphere。　Many　are　able　to　remember　everything　except　their　names；　others　everything　except　their　residence；　still　others　everything　except　the　fact　that　they　are　married；　and　yet　others　every　person　except　their　friends　（though　they　know　all　the　policemen）；　and　the　last　class　are　mistaken　about　their　own　identity。　These　things　are　believed　like　many　another　thing；　when　told　by　a　friend；　but　never　under　any　circumstances　when　the　defendant　tells　them　in　the　court　room。


Section　112。　（c）　Suggestion。

The　problems　of　hypnotism　and　suggestion　are　too　old　to　permit　the　mere　mention　of　a　few　books；　and　are　too　new　to　permit　the　interpretation　of　the　enormous　literature。　In　my　‘‘Manual　for　Examining　Judges；''　I　have　already　indicated　the　relation　of　the　subject　to　criminal　law；　and　the　proper　attitude　of　criminalists　to　it。　Here　we　have　only　to　bear　in　mind　the　problem　of　characteristic　suggestion；　the　influence　of　the　judge　on　the　witnesses；　the　witnesses　upon　each　other；　the　conditions　upon　the　witnesses。　And　this　influence；　not　through　persuasion；　imagination；　citation；　but　through　those　still　unexplained　remote　effects　which　may　be　best　compared　with　‘‘determining。''　Suggestion　is　as　widespread　as　language。　We　receive　suggestions　through　the　stories　of　friends；　through　the　examples　of　strangers；　through　our　physical　condition；　through　our　food；　through　our　small　and　large　experiences。　Our　simplest　actions　may　be　due　to　suggestion　and　the　whole　world　may　appear　subject　to　the　suggestion　of　a　single　individual。　As　Emerson　says　somewhere；　nature　carries　out　a　task　by　creating　a　genius　for　its　accomplishment；　if　you　follow　the　genius　you　will　see　what　the　world　cares　about。　

This　multiple　use　of　the　word　‘‘suggestion''　has　destroyed　its　early　intent。　That　made　it　equivalent　to　the　term　‘‘suggestive　question。''　The　older　criminalists　had　a　notion　of　the　truth；　and　have　rigorously　limited　the　putting　of　suggestive　questions。　At　the　same　time；　Mittermaier　knew　that　the　questioner　was　frequently　unable　to　avoid　them　and　that　many　questions　had　to　suggest　their　answers。　If；　for　example；　a　man　wants　to　know　whether　A　had　made　a　certain　statement　in　the　course　of　a　long　conversation；　he　must　ask；　for　good　or　evil；　‘‘Has　A　said　that　。　。　。　？''

Mittermaier's　attitude　toward　the　problem　shows　that　he　had　already　seen　twenty…five　years　ago　that　suggestive　questions　of　this　sort　are　the　most　harmless；　and　that　the　difficulty　really　lies　in　the　fact　that　witnesses；　experts；　and　judges　are　subject；　especially　in　great　and　important　cases；　to　the　influence　of　public　opinion；　of　newspapers；　of　their　own　experiences；　and　finally；　of　their　own　fancies；　and　hence　give　testimony　and　give　judgments　in　a　way　less　guided　by　the　truth　than　by　these　influences。

This　difficulty　has　been　made　clear　by　the　Berchthold　murder…　trial　in　Mnchen；　in　which　the　excellent　psychiatrists　Schrenck…　Notzing　and　Grashey　had　their　hands　full　in　answering　and　avoiding　questions　about　witnesses　under　the　influence　of　suggestion。＇1＇　The　development　of　this　trial　showed　us　the　enormous　influence　of　suggestion　on　witnesses；　and　again；　how　contradictory　are　the　opinions　concerning　the　determination　of　its　valuewhether　it　is　to　be　determined　by　the　physician　or　by　the　judge；　and　finally；　how　little　we　know　about　suggestion　anyway。　Everything　is　assigned　to　suggestion。　In　spite　of　the　great　literature　we　still　have　too　little　material；　too　few　observations；　and　no　scientifically　certain　inferences。　Tempting　as　it　is　to　study　the　influence　of　suggestion　upon　our　criminalistic　work；　it　is　best　to　wait　and　to　give　our　attention　mainly　to　observation；　study；　and　the　collection　of　material。＇2＇


＇1＇　Schrenck…Notzing：　ber　Suggestion　u。　Errinerungsflsehung　im　Berehthold…　Prozess。　Leipzig　1897。

＇2＇　51。　Dessoir　Bibliographie　des　modernen　Hypnotismus。　Berlin　1890。　　W。　Hirsch：　Die　Mensehliche　Verantwortlie　it　u。　die　moderne　Suggestionslehre。　Berlin　1896。　　L。　Drucker：　Die　Suggestion　u。　Ihre　forense　Bedeutung。　Vienna　1S93。　　A。　Cramer。　Gerichtliche　Psychiatrie。　Jena　1897。　　Berillon　Les　faux　temoignages　suggs。　Rev。　de　l'hypnot。　VI；　203。　　C。　de　Lagrave：　L'autosuggestion　naturelle。　Rev　de　I　hypnot。　XIV；　257。　　B。　Sidis：　The　Psychology　of　Suggestion。



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APPENDIX　A。

_Bibliography　including　texts　more　easily　within　the　reach　of　English　readers_。

ABBOTT；　A。　Brief　for　the　Trial　of　Criminal　Causes。　New　York；　1889　2d　ed。；　Rochester；　1902。　ABBOTT；　B。　V。　Judgell　and　Jury。　N