criminal psychology-第63部分

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　it　in　every　possible　direction　with　regard　to　the　age；　habits；　health；　and　intelligence　of　the　taster；　for　all　of　these　exercise　great　influence　on　his　values。　Similarly　necessary　are　valuations　like　flat；　sweetish；　contractile；　limey；　pappy；　sandy；　which　are　all　dictated　by　almost　momentary　variations　in　well…being。

But　if　any　denotation　is　to　be　depended　upon；　and　in　the　end　some　one　has　to　be；　it　is　necessary　to　determine　whether　the　perception　has　been　made　with　the　end　or　the　root　of　the　tongue。＇1＇　Longet；　following　the　experiments　of　certain　others；　has　brought　together　definite　results　in　the　following　table：

　　　　　TASTE　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　TONGUE…TIP　　　　　TONGUE　ROOT　　　　　　Glauber's　salts　。　。　salty　　　　　　　　　　bitter　　　　　　Iodkalium　。　。　。　。　　　。　　　　‘‘　　　　　　　　‘‘　　　　　　Alum。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　sour　　　　　　sweet　　　　　　Glycerine　。　。　。　。　。　none　　　　　　‘‘　　　　　　Rock　candy。　。　。　。　。　‘‘　　　　　　　　‘‘　　　　　　Chlorate　of　strychnine　　　‘‘　　　　　　　　‘‘　　　　　　Natrium　carbonate　。　‘‘　　　　　　　　alkaloid

＇1＇　A。　Strindberg。　Zur　Physiologie　des　Geschmacks。　wiener　Rundschau；　1900。　p。　338　ff。



In　such　cases　too；　particularly　as　diseased　conditions　and　personal　idiosyncrasies　exercise　considerable　influences；　it　will　be　important　to　call　in　the　physician。　Dehn　is　led　by　his　experiments　to　the　conclusion　that　woman's　sense　of　taste　is　finer　than　man's；　and　again　that　that　of　the　educated　man　finer　than　that　of　the　uneducated。　In　women　education　makes　no　difference　in　this　regard。


Section　42。　（e）　The　Sense　of　Smell。

The　sense　of　smell　would　be　of　great　importance　for　legal　consideration　if　it　could　get　the　study　it　deserves。　It　may　be　said　that　many　men　have　more　acute　olfactory　powers　than　they　know；　and　that　they　may　learn　more　by　means　of　them　than　by　means　of　the　other　senses。　The　sense　of　smell　has　little　especial　practical　importance。　It　only　serves　to　supply　a　great　many　people　with　occasional　disagreeable　impressions；　and　what　men　fail　to　find　especially　necessary　they　do　not　easily　make　use　of。　The　utility　of　smell　would　be　great　because　it　is　accurate；　and　hence　powerful　in　its　associative　quality。　But　it　is　rarely　attended　to；　even　when　the　associations　are　awakened　they　are　not　ascribed　to　the　sense　of　smell　but　are　said　to　be　accidental。　I　offer　one　example　only；　of　this　common　fact。　When　I　was　a　child　of　less　than　eight　years；　I　once　visited　with　my　parents　a　priest　who　was　a　school…mate　of　my　father's。　The　day　spent　in　the　parsonage　contained　nothing　remarkable；　so　that　all　these　years　I　have　not　even　thought　of　it。　A　short　time　ago　all　the　details　I　encountered　on　that　day　occurred　to　me　very　vividly；　and　inasmuch　as　this　sudden　memory　seemed　baseless；　I　studied　carefully　the　cause　of　its　occurrence；　without　success。　A　short　time　later　I　had　the　same　experience　and　at　the　same　place。　This　was　a　clew；　and　I　then　recalled　that　I　had　undertaken　a　voyage　of　discovery　with　the　small　niece　of　the　parson　and　had　been　led　into　a　fruit　cellar。　There　I　found　great　heaps　of　apples　laid　on　straw；　and　on　the　wall　a　considerable　number　of　the　hunting　boots　of　the　parson。　The　mixed　odors　of　apple；　straw　and　boots　constituted　a　unique　and　long　unsmelled　perfume　which　had　sunk　deep　into　my　memory。　And　as　I　passed　a　room　which　contained　the　same　elements　of　odor；　all　those　things　that　were　associated　with　that　odor　at　the　time　I　first　smelt　it；　immediately　recurred。

Everybody　experiences　such　associations　in　great　number；　and　in　examinations　a　little　trouble　will　bring　them　up；　especially　when　the　question　deals　with　remote　events；　and　a　witness　tells　about　some　‘‘accidental''　idea　of　his。　If　the　accident　is　considered　to　be　　an　association　and　studied　in　the　light　of　a　memory　of　odor；　one　may　often　succeed　in　finding　the　right　clew　and　making　progress。

But　accurate　as　the　sense　of　smell　is；　it　receives　as　a　rule　little　consideration；　and　when　some　question　concerning　smell　is　put　the　answer　is　generally　negative。　Yet　in　no　case　may　a　matter　be　so　easily　determined　as　in　this　one；　one　may　without　making　even　the　slightest　suggestion；　succeed　in　getting　the　witness　to　confess　that　he　had　smelled　something。　Incidentally；　one　may　succeed　in　awakening　such　impressions　as　have　not　quite　crossed　the　threshold　of　consciousness；　or　have　been　subdued　and　diverted。　Suppose；　e。　g。；　that　a　witness　has　smelled　fire；　but　inasmuch　as　he　was　otherwise　engaged　was　not　fully　conscious　of　it　or　did　not　quite　notice　it；　or　explained　it　to　himself　as　some　kitchen　odor　or　the　odor　of　a　bad　cigar。　Such　perceptions　are　later　forgotten；　but　with　proper　questioning　are　faithfully　and　completely　brought　to　memory。

Obviously　much　depends　on　whether　anybody　likes　certain　delicate　odors　or　not。　As　a　rule　it　may　be　held　that　a　delicate　sense　of　smell　is　frequently　associated　with　nervousness。　Again；　people　with　broad　nostrils　and　well　developed　foreheads；　who　keep　their　mouths　closed　most　of　the　time；　have　certainly　a　delicate　sense　of　smell。　People　of　lymphatic　nature；　with　veiled　unclear　voices；　do　not　have　a　keen　sense　of　smell；　and　still　duller　is　that　of　snufflers　and　habitual　smokers。　Up　to　a　certain　degree；　practice　may　do　much；　but　too　much　of　it　dulls　the　sense　of　smell。　Butchers；　tobacconists；　perfumers；　not　only　fail　to　perceive　the　odors　which　dominate　their　shops；　their　sense　of　smell　has　been　dulled；　anyway。　On　the　other　hand；　those　who　have　to　make　delicate　distinctions　by　means　of　their　sense；　like　apothecaries；　tea　dealers；　brewers；　wine　tasters；　etc。　achieve　great　skill。　I　remember　that　one　time　when　I　had　in　court　to　deal　almost　exclusively　with　gypsies；　I　could　immediately　smell　whether　any　gypsies　had　been　brought　there　during　the　night。

Very　nervous　persons　develop　a　delicateness　and　acuteness　of　smell　which　other　persons　do　not　even　imagine。　Now　we　have　no　real　knowledge　of　how　odors　arise。　That　they　are　not　the　results　of　the　radiation　of　very　tiny　parts　is　shown　by　the　fact　that　certain　bodies　smell　though　they　are　known　not　to　give　off　particles。　Zinc；　for　example；　and　such　things　as　copper；　sulphur；　and　iron；　have　individual　odors；　the　latter；　particularly　when　it　is　kept　polished　by　a　great　deal　of　friction；e。g。；　in　the　cases　of　chains；　key…rings　kept　in　the　pocket。　

In　defining　the　impressions　of　smell　great　difficulties　occur。　Even　normal　individuals　often　have　a　passionate　love　for　odors　that　are　either　indifferent　or　disgusting　to　others　（rotten　apples；　wet　sponges；　cow…dung；　and　the　odor　of　a　horse…stable；　garlic；　assafoetida；　very　ripe　game；　etc。）。　The　same　individual　finds　the　odor　of　food　beautiful　when　hungry；　pleasant　when　full…fed；　and　unendurable　when　he　has　migraine。　It　would　be　necessary　to　make　an　accurate　description　of　these　differences　and　all　their　accompanying　circumstances。　With　regard　to　sex；　the　sense　of　smell；　according　to　Lombroso；＇1＇　is　twice　as　fine　in　men　as　in　women。　This　is　verified　by　Lombroso's　pupils　Ottolenghi　and　Sicard；　Roncoroni　and　Francis　Galton。　Experience　of　daily　life　does　not　confirm　this；　though　many　smokers　among　men　rarely　possess　acute　sense　of　smell；　and　this　raises　the　percentage　considerably　in　favor　of　women。


＇1＇　C。　Lombroso　and　G。　Ferrero。　The　Female　Offender。


Section　43。　（f）　The　Sense　of　Touch。

I　combine；　for　the　sake　of　simplicity；　the　senses　of　location；　pressure；　temperature；　etc。；　under　the　general　expression：　sense　of　touch。　The　problem　this　sense　raises　is　no　light　one　because　many　witnesses　tell　of　perceptions　made　in　the　dark　or　when　they　were　otherwise　unable　to　see；　and　because　much　is　perceived　by　means　of　this　sense　in　assaults；　wounds；　and　other　contacts。　In　most　cases　such　witnesses　have　been　unable　to　regard　the　touched　parts　of　their　bodies；　so　that　we　have　to　depend　upon　this　touch…sense　alone。　Full　certainty　is　possible　only　when　sight　and　touch　have　worked　together　and　rectified　one　another。　It　has　been　shown　that　the　conception　of　the　third　dimension　can　not　be　obtained　through　the　sense　of　sight。　At　the　beginning　we　owe　the　perception　of　this　dimension　only　to　touch　and　later　on　to　experience　and　habit。　The　truth　of　this　statement　is　confirmed　by　the　reports　of　persons　who；　born　blind；　have　gained　sight。　Some　were　unable　to　distinguish　by　means　of　mere　sight　a　silver　pencil…holder　from　a　large　key。　They　could　only　tell　them　to　be　different　things；　and　recognized　their　nature　only　after　they　had　felt　them。　On　the　other　hand；　the　deceptive　possibilities　in　touch　are　seen　in　the　well…known　mistakes　to　which　one　is　subjected　in　blind　touching。　At　the　same　time　practice　leads　to　considerable　accuracy　in　touch　and　on　many　occasions　the　sense　is　trusted　more　than　sighte。　g。；　whenever　we　test　the　delicacy　of　an　object　with　our　finger…tips。　The　fineness　of　paper；　leather；　the　smoothness　of　a　surface；　the　presence　of　points；　　are　always　tested　with　the　fingers。　So　that　if　a　witness　assures　us　that　this　or　that　was　very　smooth；　or　that　this　surface　was　very　raw；　we　must　regularly　ask　him　whether　he　had　tested　the　quality　by　touching　it　with　his　fingers；　and　we　are　certain　only　if　he　says　yes。　Whoever　has　to　depend　much　on　the　sense　of　touch　increases　its　field　of　perception；　as　we　know　from　the　delicacy　of　the　sense　in　blind　people。　The　statements　of　the　blin