criminal psychology-第77部分

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ea；　may　be　as　various　as　those　of　the　destruction　and　restoration　of　a　building。　If　a　building　is　destroyed　by　fire；　I　certainly　can　not　explain　the　image　given　by　merely　assuming　that　it　was　the　victim　of　the　hunger　of　time。　A　building　which　has　suffered　because　of　the　sinking　of　the　earth　I　shall　have　to　image　by　quite　other　means　than　those　I　would　use　if　it　had　been　destroyed　by　water。

For　the　same　reason　when；　in　court；　somebody　asserts　a　sudden　‘‘occurrence；''　or　when　we　want　to　help　him　and　something　occurs　to　him；　we　shall　have　to　proceed　in　different　fashion　and　determine　our　action　empirically　by　the　conditions　of　the　moment。　We　shall　have　to　go　back；　with　the　help　of　the　witness；　to　the　beginning　of　the　appearance　of　the　idea　in　question　and　study　its　development　as　far　as　the　material　permits　us。　In　a　similar　manner　we　must　make　use　of　every　possibility　of　explanation　when　we　are　studying　the　disappearance　of　ideas。　At　one　point　or　another　we　shall　find　certain　connections。　One　chief　mistake　in　such　reconstructive　work　lies　in　overlooking　the　fact　that　no　individual　is　merely　passive　when　he　receives　sensations；　he　is　bound　to　make　use　of　a　certain　degree　of　activity。　Locke　and　Bonnet　have　already　mentioned　this　fact；　and　anybody　may　verify　it　by　comparing　his　experiments　of　trying　to　avoid　seeing　or　hearing；　and　trying　actively　to　see　or　to　hear。　For　this　reason　it　is　foolish　to　ask　anybody　how　it　happened　that　he　perceived　less　than　another；　because　both　have　equally　good　senses　and　were　able　to　perceive　as　much。　On　the　other　hand；　the　grade　of　activity　each　has　made　use　of　in　perception　is　rarely　inquired　into；　and　this　is　the　more　unfortunate　because　memory　is　often　propor…　　tionate　to　activity。　If；　then；　we　are　to　explain　how　various　statements　concerning　contemporaneous　matters；　observed　a　long　time　ago；　are　to　be　combined；　it　will　not　be　enough　to　compare　the　memory；　sensory　acuteness；　and　intelligence　of　the　witnesses。　The　chief　point　of　attention　should　be　the　activity　which　has　been　put　in　motion　during　the　sense…perception　in　question。


Section　53。　（b）　The　Forms　of　Reproduction。


Kant　analyzes　memory：

1。　As　apprehending　something　in　memory。

2。　As　retaining　it　for　a　long　time。

3。　As　immediately　recalling　it。

One　might；　perhaps　add；　as　4：　that　the　memory…image　is　most　conformable　to　the　actual　one。　This　is　not　identical　with　the　fact　that　we　recollect　at　all。　It　is　to　be　assumed　that　the　forms　of　memory…　images　vary　very　much　with　different　persons；　because　each　individual　verifies　his　images　of　various　objects　variously。　I　know　two　men　equally　well　for　an　equal　time；　and　yet　have　two　memory…　images　of　them。　When　I　recall　one；　a　life…sized；　moving；　and　moved　figure　appears　before　me；　even　the　very　man　himself；　when　I　think　of　the　other；　I　see　only　a　small；　bare　silhouette；　foggy　and　colorless；　and　the　difference　does　not　require　that　the　first　shall　be　an　interesting　and　the　second　a　boresome　individual。　This　is　still　clearer　in　memory　of　travels。　One　city　appears　in　recollection　with　size；　color　and　movement；　real；　the　other；　in　which　I　sojourned　for　the　same　length　of　time　and　only　a　few　days　later；　under　similar　conditions　of　weather；　etc。；　appears　like　a　small；　flat　photograph。　Inquiry　reveals　that　this　is　as　true　of　other　people　as　of　me；　and　that　the　problem　of

memory　is　much　differentiated　by　the　method　of　recollection。　In　fact；　this　is　so　little　in　doubt　that　at　some　periods　of　time　there　are　more　images　of　one　sort　than　of　another　and　what　is　a　rule　for　one　kind　of　individual　is　an　exception　for　another。

Now　there　is　a　series　of　phenomena　for　which　we　possess　particular　types　of　images　which　often　have　little　to　do　with　the　things　themselves。　So　Exner　says：　‘‘We　might　know　the　physiognomy　of　an　individual　very　accurately；　be　able　to　pick　him　out　among　a　thousand；　without　being　clear　about　the　differences　between　him　and　another；　indeed；　we　often　do　not　know　the　color　of　his　eyes　and　hair；　yet　marvel　when　it　suddenly　becomes　different。''

Kries＇1＇　calls　attention　to　another　fact：　‘‘When　we　try　to　mark　in　　memory　the　contour　of　a　very　well…known　coin；　we　deceive　ourselves；　unbelievablywhen　we　see　the　coin　the　size　we　imagine　it　to　be；　we　wonder　still　more。''


＇1＇　v。　Kries：　Beitrge　zur　Lehre　vom　Augenmass。　Hamburg　1892。


Lotze　shows　correctly　that　memory　never　brings　back　a　blinding　flash　of　light；　or　the　over…powering　blow　of　an　explosion　with　the　intensity　of　the　image　in　proper　relation　to　the　impression。　I　believe　that　it　is　not　necessary　to　go　so　far；　for　example；　and　hold　that　not　even　the　sparkling　of　a　star；　the　crack　of　a　pistol；　etc。；　are　kept　in　memory　with　more　than　partial　implication　of　the　event。　Maudsley　points　out　correctly　that　we　can　have　no　memory　of　pain‘‘because　the　disturbance　of　nervous　elements　disappears　just　as　soon　as　their　integrity　is　again　established。''　Perhaps；　also；　because　when　the　pain　has　disappeared；　the　tertium　comparationis　is　lacking。　But　one　need　not　limit　oneself　to　pain；　but　may　assert　that　we　lack　memory　of　all　unpleasant　sensations。　The　first　time　one　jumps　into　the　water　from　a　very　high　spring…board；　the　first　time　one's　horse　rises　over　a　hurdle；　or　the　first　time　the　bullets　whistle　past　one's　ear　in　battle；　are　all　most　unpleasant　experiences；　and　whoever　denies　it　is　deceiving　himself　or　his　friends。　But　when　we　think　of　them　we　feel　that　they　were　not　so　bad；　that　one　merely　was　very　much　afraid；　etc。　But　this　is　not　the　case；　there　is　simply　no　memory　for　these　sensations。

This　fact　is　of　immense　importance　in　examination　and　I　believe　that　no　witness　has　been　able　effectively　to　describe　the　pain　caused　by　a　body　wound；　the　fear　roused　by　arson；　the　fright　at　a　threat；　not；　indeed；　because　he　lacked　the　words　to　do　so；　but　because　he　had　not　sufficient　memory　for　these　impressions；　and　because　he　has　nothing　to…day　with　which　to　compare　them。　Time；　naturally；　in　such　cases　makes　a　great　difference；　and　if　a　man　were　to　describe　his　experiences　shortly　after　their　uncomfortable　occurrence　he　would　possibly　remember　them　better　than　he　would　later　on。　Here；　if　the　examiner　has　experienced　something　similar；　years　ago；　he　is　likely　to　accuse　the　witness　of　exaggeration　under　the　belief　that　his　own　experience　has　shown　the　thing　to　be　not　so　bad。　Such　an　accusation　will　be　unjust　in　most　instances。　The　differences　in　conception　depend　to　a　large　degree　on　differences　in　time；　and　consequent　fading　in　memory。　Several　other　particular　conditions　may　be　added。

Kant；　e。　g。；　calls　attention　to　the　power　we　have　over　our　fancy：　‘‘In　memory；　our　will　must　control　our　imagination　and　our　imagina…　　tion　must　be　able　to　determine　voluntarily　the　reproduction　of　ideas　of　past　time。''

But　these　ideas　may　be　brought　up　not　only　voluntarily；　we　have　also　a　certain　degree　of　power　in　making　these　images　clearer　and　more　accurate。　It　is　rather　foolish　to　have　the　examiner　invite　the　witness　to　‘‘exert　his　memory；　to　give　himself　the　trouble；　etc。''　This　effects　nothing；　or　something　wrong。　But　if　the　examiner　is　willing　to　take　the　trouble；　he　may　excite　the　imagination　of　the　witness　and　give　him　the　opportunity　to　exercise　his　power　over　the　imagination。　How　this　is　done　depends　naturally　upon　the　nature　and　education　of　the　witness；　but　the　judge　may　aid　him　just　as　the　skilful　teacher　may　aid　the　puzzled　pupil　to　remember。　When　the　pianist　has　completely　forgotten　a　piece　of　music　that　he　knew　very　well；　two　or　three　chords　may　lead　him　to　explicate　these　chords　forward　or　backward；　and　thenone　step　after　anotherhe　reproduces　the　whole　piece。　Of　course　the　chords　which　are　brought　to　the　mind　of　the　player　must　be　properly　chosen　or　the　procedure　is　useless。

There　are　rules　for　the　selection　of　these　clews。　According　to　Ebbinghaus：　‘‘The　difference　in　the　content　of　the　recollected　is　due　to　discoverable　causes。　Melodies　may　become　painful　because　of　their　undesirable　obstinacy　in　return。　Forms　and　colors　do　not　usually　recur；　and　if　they　do；　they　do　so　with　noticeable　claims　on　distinctness　and　certainty。　Past　emotional　conditions　are　reproduced　only　with　effort；　in　comparatively　pallid　schemes；　and　often　only　by　means　of　the　accompanying　movements。''　We　may　follow　these　clews；　in　some　directions　at　least；　to　our　advantage。　Of　course；　nobody　will　say　that　one　should　play　tunes　to　witnesses　in　order　to　make　them　remember；　because　the　tunes　have　sunk　into　the　memory　with　such　undesirable　obstinacy　as　to　be　spurs　to　recollection。　It　is　just　as　futile　to　operate　with　forms　and　colors；　or　to　excite　emotional　conditions。　But　what　has　been　said　leads　us　back　to　the　ancient　rule　of　working　so　far　as　is　possible　with　the　constantly　well…developed　sense　of　location。　Cicero　already　was　aware　of　this

‘‘Tanta　vis　admonitionis　inest　in　locis；　id　quidem　infinitum　in　hac　urbe；　quocumque　enim　ingredimur；　in　aliquam　historiam　vestigium　possumus。''　Indeed　he　deduces　his　whole　doctrine　of　memory　from　the　sense　of　location；　or　he　at　least　justifies　those　who　do　so。

If；　then；　we　bring　a　witness；　who　in　our　court　house　recollects　nothing；　in　locum　rei　sitae；　all　the　mentioned　conditions　act　favor…　　ably。＇1＇