second treatise of government-第12部分

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icient　proof　of　　the　natural　right　of　fathers　to　political　authority；　because　they　　commonly　were　those　in　whose　hands　we　find；　de　facto；　the　　exercise　of　government：　I　say；　if　this　argument　be　good；　it　will　　as　strongly　prove；　that　all　princes；　nay　princes　only；　ought　to　　be　priests；　since　it　is　as　certain；　that　in　the　beginning；　the　　father　of　the　family　was　priest；　as　that　he　was　ruler　in　his　own　　houshold。




　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　CHAP。　　VII。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　Of　Political　or　Civil　Society。

　　　　　Sec。　77。　　GOD　having　made　man　such　a　creature；　that　in　his　　own　judgment；　it　was　not　good　for　him　to　be　alone；　put　him　under　　strong　obligations　of　necessity；　convenience；　and　inclination　to　　drive　him　into　society；　as　well　as　fitted　him　with　understanding　　and　language　to　continue　and　enjoy　it。　　The　first　society　was　　between　man　and　wife；　which　gave　beginning　to　that　between　　parents　and　children；　to　which；　in　time；　that　between　master　and　　servant　came　to　be　added：　and　though　all　these　might；　and　　commonly　did　meet　together；　and　make　up　but　one　family；　wherein　　the　master　or　mistress　of　it　had　some　sort　of　rule　proper　to　a　　family；　each　of　these；　or　all　together；　came　short　of　political　　society；　as　we　shall　see；　if　we　consider　the　different　ends；　　ties；　and　bounds　of　each　of　these。　　　　　　Sec。　78。　　Conjugal　society　is　made　by　a　voluntary　compact　　between　man　and　woman；　and　tho'　it　consist　chiefly　in　such　a　　communion　and　right　in　one　another's　bodies　as　is　necessary　to　　its　chief　end；　procreation；　yet　it　draws　with　it　mutual　support　　and　assistance；　and　a　communion　of　interests　too；　as　necessary　　not　only　to　unite　their　care　and　affection；　but　also　necessary　to　　their　common　off…spring；　who　have　a　right　to　be　nourished；　and　　maintained　by　them；　till　they　are　able　to　provide　for　themselves。　　　　　　Sec。　79。　　For　the　end　of　conjunction；　between　male　and　　female；　being　not　barely　procreation；　but　the　continuation　of　the　　species；　this　conjunction　betwixt　male　and　female　ought　to　last；　　even　after　procreation；　so　long　as　is　necessary　to　the　　nourishment　and　support　of　the　young　ones；　who　are　to　be　　sustained　　even　after　procreation；　so　long　as　is　necessary　to　the　　nourishment　and　support　of　the　young　ones；　who　are　to　be　　sustained　by　those　that　got　them；　till　they　are　able　to　shift　and　　provide　for　themselves。　　This　rule；　which　the　infinite　wise　maker　　hath　set　to　the　works　of　his　hands；　we　find　the　inferior　　creatures　steadily　obey。　　In　those　viviparous　animals　which　feed　　on　grass；　the　conjunction　between　male　and　female　lasts　no　longer　　than　the　very　act　of　copulation；　because　the　teat　of　the　dam　　being　sufficient　to　nourish　the　young；　till　it　be　able　to　feed　on　　grass；　the　male　only　begets；　but　concerns　not　himself　for　the　　female　or　young；　to　whose　sustenance　he　can　contribute　nothing。　　　But　in　beasts　of　prey　the　conjunction　lasts　longer：　because　the　　dam　not　being　able　well　to　subsist　herself；　and　nourish　her　　numerous　off…spring　by　her　own　prey　alone；　a　more　laborious；　as　　well　as　more　dangerous　way　of　living；　than　by　feeding　on　grass；　　the　assistance　of　the　male　is　necessary　to　the　maintenance　of　　their　common　family；　which　cannot　subsist　till　they　are　able　to　　prey　for　themselves；　but　by　the　joint　care　of　male　and　female。　　　The　same　is　to　be　observed　in　all　birds；　（except　some　domestic　　ones；　where　plenty　of　food　excuses　the　cock　from　feeding；　and　　taking　care　of　the　young　brood）　whose　young　needing　food　in　the　　nest；　the　cock　and　hen　continue　mates；　till　the　young　are　able　to　　use　their　wing；　and　provide　for　themselves。　　　　　　Sec。　80。　　And　herein　I　think　lies　the　chief；　if　not　the　only　　reason；　why　the　male　and　female　in　mankind　are　tied　to　a　longer　　conjunction　than　other　creatures；　viz。　　because　the　female　is　　capable　of　conceiving；　and　de　facto　is　commonly　with　child　again；　　and　brings　forth　too　a　new　birth；　long　before　the　former　is　out　　of　a　dependency　for　support　on　his　parents　help；　and　able　to　　shift　for　himself；　and　has　all　the　assistance　is　due　to　him　from　　his　parents：　whereby　the　father；　who　is　bound　to　take　care　for　　those　he　hath　begot；　is　under　an　obligation　to　continue　in　　conjugal　society　with　the　same　woman　longer　than　other　creatures；　

whose　young　being　able　to　subsist　of　themselves；　before　the　time　　of　procreation　returns　again；　the　conjugal　bond　dissolves　of　　itself；　and　they　are　at　liberty；　till　Hymen　at　his　usual　　anniversary　season　summons　them　again　to　chuse　new　mates。　　　Wherein　one　cannot　but　admire　the　wisdom　of　the　great　Creator；　　who　having　given　to　man　foresight；　and　an　ability　to　lay　up　for　　the　future；　as　well　as　to　supply　the　present　necessity；　hath　made　　it　necessary；　that　society　of　man　and　wife　should　be　more　　lasting；　than　of　male　and　female　amongst　other　creatures；　that　so　　their　industry　might　be　encouraged；　and　their　interest　better　　united；　to　make　provision　and　lay　up　goods　for　their　common　　issue；　which　uncertain　mixture；　or　easy　and　frequent　solutions　of　　conjugal　society　would　mightily　disturb。　　　　　　Sec。　81。　　But　tho'these　are　ties　upon　mankind；　which　make　　the　conjugal　bonds　more　firm　and　lasting　in　man；　than　the　other　　species　of　animals；　yet　it　would　give　one　reason　to　enquire；　why　　this　compact；　where　procreation　and　education　are　secured；　and　　inheritance　taken　care　for；　may　not　be　made　determinable；　either　　by　consent；　or　at　a　certain　time；　or　upon　certain　conditions；　as　　well　as　any　other　voluntary　compacts；　there　being　no　necessity　in　　the　nature　of　the　thing；　nor　to　the　ends　of　it；　that　it　should　　always　be　for　life；　I　mean；　to　such　as　are　under　no　restraint　of　　any　positive　law；　which　ordains　all　such　contracts　to　be　　perpetual。　　　　　　Sec。　82。　　But　the　husband　and　wife；　though　they　have　but　one　　common　concern；　yet　having　different　understandings；　will　　unavoidably　sometimes　have　different　wills　too；　it　therefore　　being　necessary　that　the　last　determination；　i。　e。　　the　rule；　　should　be　placed　somewhere；　it　naturally　falls　to　the　man's　　share；　as　the　abler　and　the　stronger。　　But　this　reaching　but　to　　the　things　of　their　common　interest　and　property；　leaves　the　wife　　in　the　full　and　free　possession　of　what　by　contract　is　her　　peculiar　right；　and　gives　the　husband　no　more　power　over　her　life　　than　she　has　over　his；　the　power　of　the　husband　being　so　far　from　　that　of　an　absolute　monarch；　that　the　wife　has　in　many　cases　a　　liberty　to　separate　from　him；　where　natural　right；　or　their　　contract　allows　it；　whether　that　contract　be　made　by　themselves　　in　the　state　of　nature；　or　by　the　customs　or　laws　of　the　country　　they　live　in；　and　the　children　upon　such　separation　fall　to　the　　father　or　mother's　lot；　as　such　contract　does　determine。　　　　　　Sec。　83。　　For　all　the　ends　of　marriage　being　to　be　obtained　　under　politic　government；　as　well　as　in　the　state　of　nature；　the　　civil　magistrate　cloth　not　abridge　the　right　or　power　of　either　　naturally　necessary　to　those　ends；　viz。　　procreation　and　mutual　　support　and　assistance　whilst　they　are　together；　but　only　decides　　any　controversy　that　may　arise　between　man　and　wife　about　them。　　　If　it　were　otherwise；　and　that　absolute　sovereignty　and　power　of　　life　and　death　naturally　belonged　to　the　husband；　and　were　　necessary　to　the　society　between　man　and　wife；　there　could　be　no　　matrimony　in　any　of　those　countries　where　the　husband　is　allowed　　no　such　absolute　authority。　　But　the　ends　of　matrimony　requiring　　no　such　power　in　the　husband；　the　condition　of　conjugal　society　　put　it　not　in　him；　it　being　not　at　all　necessary　to　that　state。　　　Conjugal　society　could　subsist　and　attain　its　ends　without　it；　　nay；　community　of　goods；　and　the　power　over　them；　mutual　　assistance　and　maintenance；　and　other　things　belonging　to　　conjugal　society；　might　be　varied　and　regulated　by　that　contract　　which　unites　man　and　wife　in　that　society；　as　far　as　may　consist　　with　procreation　and　the　bringing　up　of　children　till　they　could　　shift　for　themselves；　nothing　being　necessary　to　any　society；　　that　is　not　necessary　to　the　ends　for　which　it　is　made。　　　　　　Sec。　84。　　The　society　betwixt　parents　and　children；　and　the　　distinct　rights　and　powers　belonging　respectively　to　them；　I　have　　treated　of　so　largely；　in　the　foregoing　chapter；　that　I　shall　not　　here　need　to　say　any　thing　of　it。　　And　I　think　it　is　plain；　that　　it　is　far　different　from　a　politic　society。

　　　　　Sec。　85。　　Master　and　servant　are　names　as　old　as　history；　　but　given　to　those　of　far　different　condition；　for　a　freeman　　makes　himself　a　servant　to　another；　by　selling　him；　for　a　certain　　time；　the　service　he　undertakes　to　do；　in　exchange　for　wages　he　　is　to　receive：　and　though　this　commonly　puts　him　into　the　family　　of　his　master；　and　under　the　ordinary　discipline　thereof；　yet　it　　gives　the　master　but　a　temporary　power　over　him；　and　no　greater　　than　what　is　contained　in　the　contract　between　them。　　But　there　　is　another　sort　of　servants；　which　by　a　peculiar　name　we　call　　slaves；　who　being　captives　taken　in　a　just　war；　are　by　the　right　　of　nature　subjected　to　the　absolute　dominion　and　arbitrary　power　　of　their　masters。　　These　men　having；　as　I　say；　forfeited　their　　lives；　and　with　it　their　liberties；　and　lost　their　estates；　and　　being　in　the　state　of　slavery；　not　capable　of　any　property；　　cannot　in　that　state　be　considere