second treatise of government-第13部分

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　and　　being　in　the　state　of　slavery；　not　capable　of　any　property；　　cannot　in　that　state　be　considered　as　any　part　of　civil　society；　　the　chief　end　whereof　is　the　preservation　of　property。　　　　　　Sec。　86。　　Let　us　therefore　consider　a　master　of　a　family　　with　all　these　subordinate　relations　of　wife；　children；　servants；　　and　slaves；　united　under　the　domestic　rule　of　a　family；　which；　　what　resemblance　soever　it　may　have　in　its　order；　offices；　and　　number　too；　with　a　little　common…wealth；　yet　is　very　far　from　it；　　both　in　its　constitution；　power　and　end：　or　if　it　must　be　thought　　a　monarchy；　and　the　paterfamilias　the　absolute　monarch　in　it；　　absolute　monarchy　will　have　but　a　very　shattered　and　short　power；　　when　it　is　plain；　by　what　has　been　said　before；　that　the　master　　of　the　family　has　a　very　distinct　and　differently　limited　power；　　both　as　to　time　and　extent；　over　those　several　persons　that　are　　in　it；　for　excepting　the　slave　（and　the　family　is　as　much　a　　family；　and　his　power　as　paterfamilias　as　great；　whether　there　be　　any　slaves　in　his　family　or　no）　he　has　no　legislative　power　of　　life　and　death　over　any　of　them；　and　none　too　but　what　a　mistress　　of　a　family　may　have　as　well　as　he。　　And　he　certainly　can　have　no　　absolute　power　over　the　whole　family；　who　has　but　a　very　limited　　one　over　every　individual　in　it。　　But　how　a　family；　or　any　other　　society　of　men；　differ　from　that　which　is　properly　political　　society；　we　shall　best　see；　by　considering　wherein　political　　society　itself　consists。　　　　　　Sec。　87。　　Man　being　born；　as　has　been　proved；　with　a　title　　to　perfect　freedom；　and　an　uncontrouled　enjoyment　of　all　the　　rights　and　privileges　of　the　law　of　nature；　equally　with　any　　other　man；　or　number　of　men　in　the　world；　hath　by　nature　a　power；　　not　only　to　preserve　his　property；　that　is；　his　life；　liberty　and　　estate；　against　the　injuries　and　attempts　of　other　men；　but　to　　judge　of；　and　punish　the　breaches　of　that　law　in　others；　as　he　is　　persuaded　the　offence　deserves；　even　with　death　itself；　in　crimes　　where　the　heinousness　of　the　fact；　in　his　opinion；　requires　it。　　　But　because　no　political　society　can　be；　nor　subsist；　without　　having　in　itself　the　power　to　preserve　the　property；　and　in　order　　thereunto；　punish　the　offences　of　all　those　of　that　society；　　there；　and　there　only　is　political　society；　where　every　one　of　　the　members　hath　quitted　this　natural　power；　resigned　it　up　into　　the　hands　of　the　community　in　all　cases　that　exclude　him　not　from　　appealing　for　protection　to　the　law　established　by　it。　　And　thus　　all　private　judgment　of　every　particular　member　being　excluded；　　the　community　comes　to　be　umpire；　by　settled　standing　rules；　　indifferent；　and　the　same　to　all　parties；　and　by　men　having　　authority　from　the　community；　for　the　execution　of　those　rules；　　decides　all　the　differences　that　may　happen　between　any　members　　of　that　society　concerning　any　matter　of　right；　and　punishes　　those　offences　which　any　member　hath　committed　against　the　　society；　with　such　penalties　as　the　law　has　established：　whereby　　it　is　easy　to　discern；　who　are；　and　who　are　not；　in　political　　society　together。　　Those　who　are　united　into　one　body；　and　have　a　　common　established　law　and　judicature　to　appeal　to；　with　　authority　to　decide　controversies　between　them；　and　punish　　offenders；　are　in　civil　society　one　with　another：　but　those　who　

have　no　such　common　appeal；　I　mean　on　earth；　are　still　in　the　　state　of　nature；　each　being；　where　there　is　no　other；　judge　for　　himself；　and　executioner；　which　is；　as　I　have　before　shewed　it；　　the　perfect　state　of　nature。　　　　　　　　Sec。　88。　　And　thus　the　common…wealth　comes　by　a　power　to　set　　down　what　punishment　shall　belong　to　the　several　transgressions　　which　they　think　worthy　of　it；　committed　amongst　the　members　of　　that　society；　（which　is　the　power　of　making　laws）　as　well　as　it　　has　the　power　to　punish　any　injury　done　unto　any　of　its　members；　　by　any　one　that　is　not　of　it；　（which　is　the　power　of　war　and　　peace；）　and　all　this　for　the　preservation　of　the　property　of　all　　the　members　of　that　society；　as　far　as　is　possible。　　But　though　　every　man　who　has　entered　into　civil　society；　and　is　become　a　　member　of　any　commonwealth；　has　thereby　quitted　his　power　to　　punish　offences；　against　the　law　of　nature；　in　prosecution　of　his　　own　private　judgment；　yet　with　the　judgment　of　offences；　which　he　　has　given　up　to　the　legislative　in　all　cases；　where　he　can　appeal　　to　the　magistrate；　he　has　given　a　right　to　the　common…wealth　to　　employ　his　force；　for　the　execution　of　the　judgments　of　the　　common…wealth；　whenever　he　shall　be　called　to　it；　which　indeed　　are　his　own　judgments；　they　being　made　by　himself；　or　his　　representative。　　And　herein　we　have　the　original　of　the　　legislative　and　executive　power　of　civil　society；　which　is　to　　judge　by　standing　laws；　how　far　offences　are　to　be　punished；　when　　committed　within　the　common…wealth；　and　also　to　determine；　by　　occasional　judgments　founded　on　the　present　circumstances　of　the　　fact；　how　far　injuries　from　without　are　to　be　vindicated；　and　in　　both　these　to　employ　all　the　force　of　all　the　members；　when　there　　shall　be　need。　　　　　　　　Sec。　89。　　Where…ever　therefore　any　number　of　men　are　so　　united　into　one　society；　as　to　quit　every　one　his　executive　power　　of　the　law　of　nature；　and　to　resign　it　to　the　public；　there　and　　there　only　is　a　political；　or　civil　society。　　And　this　is　done；　　where…ever　any　number　of　men；　in　the　state　of　nature；　enter　into　　society　to　make　one　people；　one　body　politic；　under　one　supreme　　government；　or　else　when　any　one　joins　himself　to；　and　　incorporates　with　any　government　already　made：　for　hereby　he　　authorizes　the　society；　or　which　is　all　one；　the　legislative　　thereof；　to　make　laws　for　him；　as　the　public　good　of　the　society　　shall　require；　to　the　execution　whereof；　his　own　assistance　（as　　to　his　own　decrees）　is　due。　　And　this　puts　men　out　of　a　state　of　　nature　into　that　of　a　common…wealth；　by　setting　up　a　judge　on　　earth；　with　authority　to　determine　all　the　controversies；　and　　redress　the　injuries　that　may　happen　to　any　member　of　the　　commonwealth；　which　judge　is　the　legislative；　or　magistrates　　appointed　by　it。　　And　where…ever　there　are　any　number　　of　　men；　　　however　associated；　that　have　no　such　decisive　power　to　appeal　　to；　there　they　are　still　in　the　state　of　nature。　　　　　　　　Sec。　90。　　Hence　it　is　evident；　that　absolute　monarchy；　which　　by　some　men　is　counted　the　only　government　in　the　world；　is　　indeed　inconsistent　with　civil　society；　and　so　can　be　no　form　of　　civil…government　at　all：　for　the　end　of　civil　society；　being　to　　avoid；　and　remedy　those　inconveniencies　of　the　state　of　nature；　　which　necessarily　follow　from　every　man's　being　judge　in　his　own　　case；　by　setting　up　a　known　authority；　to　which　every　one　of　that　　society　may　appeal　upon　any　injury　received；　or　controversy　that　　may　arise；　and　which　every　one　of　the*　society　ought　to　obey；　　where…ever　any　persons　are；　who　have　not　such　an　authority　to　　appeal　to；　for　the　decision　of　any　difference　between　them；　there　　those　persons　are　still　in　the　state　of　nature；　and　so　is　every　　absolute　prince；　in　respect　of　those　who　are　under　his　dominion。　　　　　　　　（*The　public　power　of　all　society　is　above　every　soul　　contained　in　the　same　society；　and　the　principal　use　of　that　　power　is；　to　give　laws　unto　all　that　are　under　it；　which　laws　in　　such　cases　we　must　obey；　unless　there　be　reason　shewed　which　may　　necessarily　inforce；　that　the　law　of　reason；　or　of　God；　doth　

enjoin　the　contrary；　Hook。　Eccl。　Pol。　l。　i。　sect。　16。）　　　　　　　　Sec。　91。　　For　he　being　supposed　to　have　all；　both　　legislative　and　executive　power　in　himself　alone；　there　is　no　　judge　to　be　found；　no　appeal　lies　open　to　any　one；　who　may　　fairly；　and　indifferently；　and　with　authority　decide；　and　from　　whose　decision　relief　and　redress　may　be　expected　of　any　injury　　or　inconviency；　that　may　be　suffered　from　the　prince；　or　by　his　　order：　so　that　such　a　man；　however　intitled；　Czar；　or　Grand　　Seignior；　or　how　you　please；　is　as　much　in　the　state　of　nature；　　with　all　under　his　dominion；　as　he　is　with　therest　of　mankind：　　for　where…ever　any　two　men　are；　who　have　no　standing　rule；　and　　common　judge　to　appeal　to　on　earth；　for　the　determination　of　　controversies　of　right　betwixt　them；　there　they　are　still　in　the　　state　of*　nature；　and　under　all　the　inconveniencies　of　it；　with　　only　this　woful　difference　to　the　subject；　or　rather　slave　of　an　　absolute　prince：　that　whereas；　in　the　ordinary　state　of　nature；　　he　has　a　liberty　to　judge　of　his　right；　and　according　to　the　best　　of　his　power；　to　maintain　it；　now；　whenever　his　property　is　　invaded　by　the　will　and　order　of　his　monarch；　he　has　not　only　no　　appeal；　as　those　in　society　ought　to　have；　but　as　if　he　were　　degraded　from　the　common　state　of　rational　creatures；　is　denied　a　　liberty　to　judge　of；　or　to　defend　his　right；　and　so　is　exposed　to　　all　the　misery　and　inconveniencies；　that　a　man　can　fear　from　one；　　who　being　in　the　unrestrained　state　of　nature；　is　yet　corrupted　　with　flattery；　and　armed　with　power。　　　　　　　　（*To　take　away　all　such　mutual　grievances；　injuries　and　　wrongs；　i。e。　such　as　attend　men　in　the　state　of　nature；　there　was　　no　way　but　only　by　growing　into　composition　and　agreement　amongst　　themselves；　by　ordaining　s