second treatise of government-第15部分

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hat　in　assemblies；　impowered　to　act　by　　positive　laws；　where　no　number　is　set　by　that　positive　law　which　　impowers　them；　the　act　of　the　majority　passes　for　the　act　of　the　　whole；　and　of　course　determines；　as　having；　by　the　law　of　nature　　and　reason；　the　power　of　the　whole。　　　　　　　　Sec。　97。　　And　thus　every　man；　by　consenting　with　others　to　　make　one　body　politic　under　one　government；　puts　himself　under　an　　obligation；　to　every　one　of　that　society；　to　submit　to　the　　determination　of　the　majority；　and　to　be　concluded　by　it；　or　else　　this　original　compact；　whereby　he　with　others　incorporates　into　　one　society；　would　signify　nothing；　and　be　no　compact；　if　he　be　　left　free；　and　under　no　other　ties　than　he　was　in　before　in　the　　state　of　nature。　　For　what　appearance　would　there　be　of　any　　compact？　what　new　engagement　if　he　were　no　farther　tied　by　any　　decrees　of　the　society；　than　he　himself　thought　fit；　and　did　　actually　consent　to？　　This　would　be　still　as　great　a　liberty；　as　　he　himself　had　before　his　compact；　or　any　one　else　in　the　state　　of　nature　hath；　who　may　submit　himself；　and　consent　to　any　acts　

of　it　if　he　thinks　fit。　　　　　　　　Sec。　98。　　For　if　the　consent　of　the　majority　shall　not；　in　　reason；　be　received　as　the　act　of　the　whole；　and　conclude　every　　individual；　nothing　but　the　consent　of　every　individual　can　make　　any　thing　to　be　the　act　of　the　whole：　but　such　a　consent　is　next　　to　impossible　ever　to　be　had；　if　we　consider　the　infirmities　of　　health；　and　avocations　of　business；　which　in　a　number；　though　　much　less　than　that　of　a　common…wealth；　will　necessarily　keep　　many　away　from　the　public　assembly。　　To　which　if　we　add　the　　variety　of　opinions；　and　contrariety　of　interests；　which　　unavoidably　happen　in　all　collections　of　men；　the　coming　into　　society　upon　such　terms　would　be　only　like　Cato's　coming　into　the　　theatre；　only　to　go　out　again。　　Such　a　constitution　as　this　would　　make　the　mighty　Leviathan　of　a　shorter　duration；　than　the　　feeblest　creatures；　and　not　let　it　outlast　the　day　it　was　bom　in：　　which　cannot　be　supposed；　till　we　can　think；　that　rational　　creatures　should　desire　and　constitute　societies　only　to　be　　dissolved：　for　where　the　majority　cannot　conclude　the　rest；　there　　they　cannot　act　as　one　body；　and　consequently　will　be　immediately　　dissolved　again。　　　　　　　　Sec。　99。　　Whosoever　therefore　out　of　a　state　of　nature　unite　　into　a　community；　must　be　understood　to　give　up　all　the　power；　　necessary　to　the　ends　for　which　they　unite　into　society；　to　the　　majority　of　the　community；　unless　they　expresly　agreed　in　any　　number　greater　than　the　majority。　　And　this　is　done　by　barely　　agreeing　to　unite　into　one　political　society；　which　is　all　the　　compact　that　is；　or　needs　be；　between　the　individuals；　that　enter　　into；　or　make　up　a　commonwealth。　　And　thus　that；　which　begins　and　　actually　constitutes　any　political　society；　is　nothing　but　the　　consent　of　any　number　of　freemen　capable　of　a　majority　to　unite　　and　incorporate　into　such　a　society。　　And　this　is　that；　and　that　　only；　which　did；　or　could　give　beginning　to　any　lawful　government　　in　the　world。　　　　　　　　Sec。　100。　　To　this　I　find　two　objections　made。　　　　　　First；　That　there　are　no　instances　to　be　found　in　story；　of　　a　company　of　men　independent；　and　equal　one　amongst　another；　that　　met　together；　and　in　this　way　began　and　set　up　a　government。　　　　　　　　Secondly；　It　is　impossible　of　right；　that　men　should　do　so；　　because　all　men　being　born　under　government；　they　are　to　submit　　to　that；　and　are　not　at　liberty　to　begin　a　new　one。　　　　　　　　Sec。　101。　　To　the　first　there　is　this　to　answer；　That　it　is　　not　at　all　to　be　wondered；　that　history　gives　us　but　a　very　　little　account　of　men；　that　lived　together　in　the　state　of　　nature。　　The　inconveniences　of　that　condition；　and　the　love　and　　want　of　society；　no　sooner　brought　any　number　of　them　together；　　but　they　presently　united　and　incorporated；　if　they　designed　to　　continue　together。　　And　if　we　may　not　suppose　men　ever　to　have　　been　in　the　state　of　nature；　because　we　hear　not　much　of　them　in　　such　a　state；　we　may　as　well　suppose　the　armies　of　Salmanasser　or　　Xerxes　were　never　children；　because　we　hear　little　of　them；　till　　they　were　men；　and　imbodied　in　armies。　　Government　is　every　where　　antecedent　to　records；　and　letters　seldom　come　in　amongst　a　　people　till　a　long　continuation　of　civil　society　has；　by　other　　more　necessary　arts；　provided　for　their　safety；　ease；　and　plenty：　　and　then　they　begin　to　look　after　the　history　of　their　founders；　　and　search　into　their　original；　when　they　have　outlived　the　　memory　of　it：　for　it　is　with　commonwealths　as　with　particular　　persons；　they　are　commonly　ignorant　of　their　own　births　and　　infancies：　and　if　they　know　any　thing　of　their　original；　they　are　　beholden　for　it；　to　the　accidental　records　that　others　have　kept　　of　it。　　And　those　that　we　have；　of　the　beginning　of　any　polities　　in　the　world；　excepting　that　of　the　Jews；　where　God　himself　　immediately　interposed；　and　which　favours　not　at　all　paternal　　dominion；　are　all　either　plain　instances　of　such　a　beginning　as　I　　have　mentioned；　or　at　least　have　manifest　footsteps　of　it。　　


　　　　　Sec。　102。　　He　must　shew　a　strange　inclination　to　deny　　evident　matter　of　fact；　when　it　agrees　not　with　his　hypothesis；　　who　will　not　allow；　that　shew　a　strange　inclination　to　deny　　evident　matter　of　fact；　when　it　agrees　not　with　his　hypothesis；　　who　will　not　allow；　that　the　beginning　of　Rome　and　Venice　were　by　　the　uniting　together　of　several　men　free　and　independent　one　of　　another；　amongst　whom　there　was　no　natural　superiority　or　　subjection。　　And　if　Josephus　Acosta's　word　may　be　taken；　he　tells　　us；　that　in　many　parts　of　America　there　was　no　government　at　all。　　　There　are　great　and　apparent　conjectures；　says　he；　that　these　　men；　speaking　of　those　of　Peru；　for　a　long　time　had　neither　kings　　nor　commonwealths；　but　lived　in　troops；　as　they　do　this　day　in　　Florida；　the　Cheriquanas；　those　of　Brazil；　and　many　other　　nations；　which　have　no　certain　kings；　but　as　occasion　is　offered；　　in　peace　or　war；　they　choose　their　captains　as　they　please；　1。　　　i。　　c。　　25。　　If　it　be　said；　that　every　man　there　was　born　subject　　to　his　father；　or　the　head　of　his　family；　that　the　subjection　due　　from　a　child　to　a　father　took　not　away　his　freedom　of　uniting　　into　what　political　society　he　thought　fit；　has　been　already　　proved。　　But　be　that　as　it　will；　these　men；　it　is　evident；　were　　actually　free；　and　whatever　superiority　some　politicians　now　　would　place　in　any　of　them；　they　themselves　claimed　it　not；　but　　by　consent　were　all　equal；　till　by　the　same　consent　they　set　　rulers　over　themselves。　　So　that　their　politic　societies　all　　began　from　a　voluntary　union；　and　the　mutual　agreement　of　men　　freely　acting　in　the　choice　of　their　governors；　and　forms　of　　government。　　　　　　　　Sec。　103。　　And　I　hope　those　who　went　away　from　Sparta　with　　Palantus；　mentioned　by　Justin；　1。　iii。　c。　4。　　will　be　allowed　to　　have　been　freemen　independent　one　of　another；　and　to　have　set　up　　a　government　over　themselves；　by　their　own　consent。　　Thus　I　have　　given　several　examples；　out　of　history；　of　people　free　and　in　the　　state　of　nature；　that　being　met　together　incorporated　and　began　a　　commonwealth。　　And　if　the　want　of　such　instances　be　an　argument　　to　prove　that　government　were　not；　nor　could　not　be　so　begun；　I　　suppose　the　contenders　for　paternal　empire　were　better　let　it　　alone；　than　urge　it　against　natural　liberty：　for　if　they　can　give　　so　many　instances；　out　of　history；　of　governments　begun　upon　　paternal　right；　I　think　（though　at　best　an　argument　from　what　has　　been；　to　what　should　of　right　be；　has　no　great　force）　one　might；　　without　any　great　danger；　yield　them　the　cause。　　But　if　I　might　　advise　them　in　the　case；　they　would　do　well　not　to　search　too　　much　into　the　original　of　governments；　as　they　have　begun　de　　facto；　lest　they　should　find；　at　the　foundation　of　most　of　them；　　something　very　little　favourable　to　the　design　they　promote；　and　　such　a　power　as　they　contend　for。　　　　　　　　Sec。　104。　　But　to　conclude；　reason　being　plain　on　our　side；　　that　men　are　naturally　free；　and　the　examples　of　history　shewing；　　that　the　governments　of　the　world；　that　were　begun　in　peace；　had　　their　beginning　laid　on　that　foundation；　and　were　made　by　the　　consent　of　the　people；　there　can　be　little　room　for　doubt；　either　　where　the　right　is；　or　what　has　been　the　opinion；　or　practice　of　　mankind；　about　the　first　erecting　of　governments。　　　　　　　　Sec。　105。　　I　will　not　deny；　that　if　we　look　back　as　far　as　　history　will　direct　us；　towards　the　original　of　commonwealths；　we　　shall　generally　find　them　under　the　government　and　administration　　of　one　man。　　And　I　am　also　apt　to　believe；　that　where　a　family　　was　numerous　enough　to　subsist　by　itself；　and　continued　entire　　together；　without　mixing　with　others；　as　it　often　happens；　where　　there　is　much　land；　and　few　people；　the　government　commonly　began　　in　the　father：　for　the　father　having；　by　the　law　of　nature；　the　　same　power　with　every　man　else　to　punish；　as　he　thought　fit；　any　　offences　against　that　law；　might　thereby　punish　his　transgressing　　children；　even　when　they　were　men；　and　out　of　their　pupilage；　and　　they　were　very　likely　to　submit　to　his　punishment；　and　all　join　　with　him　against　the　offender；　in　their