second treatise of government-第20部分

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nted：　for　without　this　the　law　could　not　have　that；　which　is　　absolutely　necessary　to　its　being　a　law；　*　the　consent　of　the　　society；　over　whom　no　body　can　have　a　power　to　make　laws；　but　by　　their　own　consent；　and　by　authority　received　from　them；　and　　therefore　all　the　obedience；　which　by　the　most　solemn　ties　any　　one　can　be　obliged　to　pay；　ultimately　terminates　in　this　supreme　　power；　and　is　directed　by　those　laws　which　it　enacts：　nor　can　any　　oaths　to　any　foreign　power　whatsoever；　or　any　domestic　　subordinate　power；　discharge　any　member　of　the　society　from　his　　obedience　to　the　legislative；　acting　pursuant　to　their　trust；　nor　　oblige　him　to　any　obedience　contrary　to　the　laws　so　enacted；　or　　farther　than　they　do　allow；　it　being　ridiculous　to　imagine　one　　can　be　tied　ultimately　to　obey　any　power　in　the　society；　which　is　　not　the　supreme。　　　　　　（*The　lawful　power　of　making　laws　to　command　whole　politic　　societies　of　men；　belonging　so　properly　unto　the　same　intire　　societies；　that　for　any　prince　or　potentate　of　what　kind　soever　　upon　earth；　to　exercise　the　same　of　himself；　and　not　by　express　　commission　immediately　and　personally　received　from　God；　or　else　　by　authority　derived　at　the　first　from　their　consent；　upon　whose　　persons　they　impose　laws；　it　is　no　better　than　mere　tyranny。　　　Laws　they　are　not　therefore　which　public　approbation　hath　not　　made　so。　　Hooker's　Eccl。　Pol。　l。　i。　sect。　10。　　Of　this　point　　therefore　we　are　to　note；　that　sith　men　naturally　have　no　full　　and　perfect　power　to　command　whole　politic　multitudes　of　men；　　therefore　utterly　without　our　consent；　we　could　in　such　sort　be　　at　no　man's　commandment　living。　　And　to　be　commanded　we　do　　consent；　when　that　society；　whereof　we　be　a　part；　hath　at　any　　time　before　consented；　without　revoking　the　same　after　by　the　　like　universal　agreement。　　　　　　Laws　therefore　human；　of　what　kind　so　ever；　are　available　by　　consent。　　Ibid。）　　　　　　Sec。　135。　　Though　the　legislative；　whether　placed　in　one　or　　more；　whether　it　be　always　in　being；　or　only　by　intervals；　though　　it　be　the　supreme　power　in　every　common…wealth；　yet；　　　　　　First；　It　is　not；　nor　can　possibly　be　absolutely　arbitrary　　over　the　lives　and　fortunes　of　the　people：　for　it　being　but　the　　joint　power　of　every　member　of　the　society　given　up　to　that　　person；　or　assembly；　which　is　legislator；　it　can　be　no　more　than　　those　persons　had　in　a　state　of　nature　before　they　entered　into　　society；　and　gave　up　to　the　community：　for　no　body　can　transfer　　to　another　more　power　than　he　has　in　himself；　and　no　body　has　an　　absolute　arbitrary　power　over　himself；　or　over　any　other；　to　　destroy　his　own　life；　or　take　away　the　life　or　property　of　　another。　　A　man；　as　has　been　proved；　cannot　subject　himself　to　　the　arbitrary　power　of　another；　and　having　in　the　state　of　nature　　no　arbitrary　power　over　the　life；　liberty；　or　possession　of　　another；　but　only　so　much　as　the　law　of　nature　gave　him　for　the　　preservation　of　himself；　and　the　rest　of　mankind；　this　is　all　he　　cloth；　or　can　give　up　to　the　common…wealth；　and　by　it　to　the　　legislative　power；　so　that　the　legislative　can　have　no　more　than　　this。　　　Their　power；　in　the　utmost　bounds　of　it；　is　limited　to　　the　public　good　of　the　society。　　It　is　a　power；　that　hath　no　　other　end　but　preservation；　and　therefore　can　never*　have　a　right　　to　destroy；　enslave；　or　designedly　to　impoverish　the　subjects。　　　The　obligations　of　the　law　of　nature　cease　not　in　society；　but　　only　in　many　cases　are　drawn　closer；　and　have　by　human　laws　known　

penalties　annexed　to　them；　to　inforce　their　observation。　　Thus　　the　law　of　nature　stands　as　an　eternal　rule　to　all　men；　　legislators　as　well　as　others。　　The　rules　that　they　make　for　　other　men's　actions；　must；　as　well　as　their　own　and　other　men's　　actions；　be　conformable　to　the　law　of　nature；　i。e。　　to　the　will　　of　God；　of　which　that　is　a　declaration；　and　the　fundamental　law　　of　nature　being　the　preservation　of　mankind；　no　human　sanction　　can　be　good；　or　valid　against　it。　　　　　　（*Two　foundations　there　are　which　bear　up　public　societies；　　the　one　a　natural　inclination；　whereby　all　men　desire　sociable　　life　and　fellowship；　the　other　an　order；　expresly　or　secretly　　agreed　upon；　touching　the　manner　of　their　union　in　living　　together：　the　latter　is　that　which　we　call　the　law　of　a　common…　weal；　the　very　soul　of　a　politic　body；　the　parts　whereof　are　by　　law　animated；　held　together；　and　set　on　work　in　such　actions　as　　the　common　good　requireth。　　Laws　politic；　ordained　for　external　　order　and　regiment　amongst　men；　are　never　framed　as　they　should　　be；　unless　presuming　the　will　of　man　to　be　inwardly　obstinate；　　rebellious；　and　averse　from　all　obedience　to　the　sacred　laws　of　　his　nature；　in　a　word；　unless　presuming　man　to　be；　in　regard　of　　his　depraved　mind；　little　better　than　a　wild　beast；　they　do　　accordingly　provide；　notwithstanding；　so　to　frame　his　outward　　actions；　that　they　be　no　hindrance　unto　the　common　good；　for　　which　societies　are　instituted。　　Unless　they　do　this；　they　are　　not　perfect。　　Hooker's　Eccl。　Pol。　l。　i。　sect。　10。）　　　　　　Sec。　136。　　Secondly；*　The　legislative；　or　supreme　authority；　　cannot　assume　to　its　self　a　power　to　rule　by　extemporary　　arbitrary　decrees；　but　is　bound　to　dispense　justice；　and　decide　　the　rights　of　the　subject　by　promulgated　standing　laws；　and　known　　authorized　judges：　for　the　law　of　nature　being　unwritten；　and　so　　no　where　to　be　found　but　in　the　minds　of　men；　they　who　through　　passion　or　interest　shall　miscite；　or　misapply　it；　cannot　so　　easily　be　convinced　of　their　mistake　where　there　is　no　　established　judge：　and　so　it　serves　not；　as　it　ought；　to　　determine　the　rights；　and　fence　the　properties　of　those　that　live　　under　it；　especially　where　every　one　is　judge；　interpreter；　and　　executioner　of　it　too；　and　that　in　his　own　case：　and　he　that　has　　right　on　his　side；　having　ordinarily　but　his　own　single　strength；　　hath　not　force　enough　to　defend　himself　from　injuries；　or　to　　punish　delinquents。　　To　avoid　these　inconveniences；　which　　disorder　men's　propperties　in　the　state　of　nature；　men　unite　into　　societies；　that　they　may　have　the　united　strength　of　the　whole　　society　to　secure　and　defend　their　properties；　and　may　have　　standing　rules　to　bound　it；　by　which　every　one　may　know　what　is　　his。　　To　this　end　it　is　that　men　give　up　all　their　natural　power　　to　the　society　which　they　enter　into；　and　the　community　put　the　　legislative　power　into　such　hands　as　they　think　fit；　with　this　　trust；　that　they　shall　be　governed　by　declared　laws；　or　else　　their　peace；　quiet；　and　property　will　still　be　at　the　same　　uncertainty；　as　it　was　in　the　state　of　nature。　　　　　　（*Human　laws　are　measures　in　respect　of　men　whose　actions　　they　must　direct；　howbeit　such　measures　they　are　as　have　also　　their　higher　rules　to　be　measured　by；　which　rules　are　two；　the　　law　of　God；　and　the　law　of　nature；　so　that　laws　human　must　be　　made　according　to　the　general　laws　of　nature；　and　without　　contradiction　to　any　positive　law　of　scripture；　otherwise　they　　are　ill　made。　　Hooker's　Eccl。　Pol。　l。　iii。　sect。　9。　　　　　　To　constrain　men　to　any　thing　inconvenient　cloth　seem　　unreasonable。　　Ibid。　l。　i。　sect。　10。）　　　　　　Sec。　137。　　Absolute　arbitrary　power；　or　governing　without　　settled　standing　laws；　can　neither　of　them　consist　with　the　ends　　of　society　and　government；　which　men　would　not　quit　the　freedom　　of　the　state　of　nature　for；　and　tie　themselves　up　under；　were　it　　not　to　preserve　their　lives；　liberties　and　fortunes；　and　by　　stated　rules　of　right　and　property　to　secure　their　peace　and　　quiet。　　It　cannot　be　supposed　that　they　should　intend；　had　they　a　

power　so　to　do；　to　give　to　any　one；　or　more；　an　absolute　　arbitrary　power　over　their　persons　and　estates；　and　put　a　force　　into　the　magistrate's　hand　to　execute　his　unlimited　will　　arbitrarily　upon　them。　　This　were　to　put　themselves　into　a　worse　　condition　than　the　state　of　nature；　wherein　they　had　a　liberty　to　　defend　their　right　against　the　injuries　of　others；　and　were　upon　　equal　terms　of　force　to　maintain　it；　whether　invaded　by　a　single　　man；　or　many　in　combination。　　Whereas　by　supposing　they　have　　given　up　themselves　to　the　absolute　arbitrary　power　and　will　of　a　　legislator；　they　have　disarmed　themselves；　and　armed　him；　to　make　　a　prey　of　them　when　he　pleases；　he　being　in　a　much　worse　　condition；　who　is　exposed　to　the　arbitrary　power　of　one　man；　who　　has　the　command　of　100；000；　than　he　that　is　exposed　to　the　　arbitrary　power　of　100；000　single　men；　no　body　being　secure；　that　　his　will；　who　has　such　a　command；　is　better　than　that　of　other　　men；　though　his　force　be　100；000　times　stronger。　　And　therefore；　　whatever　form　the　common…wealth　is　under；　the　ruling　power　ought　　to　govern　by　declared　and　received　laws；　and　not　by　extemporary　　dictates　and　undetermined　resolutions：　for　then　mankind　will　be　　in　a　far　worse　condition　than　in　the　state　of　nature；　if　they　　shall　have　armed　one；　or　a　few　men　with　the　joint　power　of　a　　multitude；　to　force　them　to　obey　at　pleasure　the　exorbitant　and　　unlimited　decrees　of　their　sudden　thoughts；　or　unrestrained；　and　　till　that　moment　unknown　wills；　without　having　any　measures　set　　down　which　may　guide　and　justify　their　actions：　for　all　the　power　　the　government　has；　being　only　for　the　good　of　the　society；　as　it　　ought　not　to　be　arbitrary