second treatise of government-第26部分

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　　　　　Sec。　173。　　Nature　gives　the　first　of　these；　viz。　　paternal　　power　to　parents　for　the　benefit　of　their　children　during　their　　minority；　to　supply　their　want　of　ability；　and　understanding　how　　to　manage　their　property。　　（By　property　I　must　be　understood　　here；　as　in　other　places；　to　mean　that　property　which　men　have　in　　their　persons　as　well　as　goods。）　Voluntary　agreement　gives　the　　second；　viz。　　political　power　to　governors　for　the　benefit　of　　their　subjects；　to　secure　them　in　the　possession　and　use　of　their　　properties。　　And　forfeiture　gives　the　third　despotical　power　to　　lords　for　their　own　benefit；　over　those　who　are　stripped　of　all　　property。　　　　　　Sec。　174。　　He；　that　shall　consider　the　distinct　rise　and　　extent；　and　the　different　ends　of　these　several　powers；　will　　plainly　see；　that　paternal　power　comes　as　far　short　of　that　of　　the　magistrate；　as　despotical　exceeds　it；　and　that　absolute　　dominion；　however　placed；　is　so　far　from　being　one　kind　of　civil　　society；　that　it　is　as　inconsistent　with　it；　as　slavery　is　with　　property。　　Paternal　power　is　only　where　minority　makes　the　child　　incapable　to　manage　his　property；　political；　where　men　have　　property　in　their　own　disposal；　and　despotical；　over　such　as　have　　no　property　at　all。



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　CHAP。　　XVI。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Of　CONQUEST。

　　　　　Sec。　175。　　THOUGH　governments　can　originally　have　no　other　　rise　than　that　before　mentioned；　nor　polities　be　founded　on　any　　thing　but　the　consent　of　the　people；　yet　such　have　been　the　　disorders　ambition　has　filled　the　world　with；　that　in　the　noise　　of　war；　which　makes　so　great　a　part　of　the　history　of　mankind；　　this　consent　is　little　taken　notice　of：　and　therefore　many　have　　mistaken　the　force　of　arms　for　the　consent　of　the　people；　and　　reckon　conquest　as　one　of　the　originals　of　government。　　But　　conquest　is　as　far　from　setting　up　any　government；　as　demolishing　　an　house　is　from　building　a　new　one　in　the　place。　　Indeed；　it　　often　makes　way　for　a　new　frame　of　a　common…wealth；　by　destroying　　the　former；　but；　without　the　consent　of　the　people；　can　never　　erect　a　new　one。　　　　　　　　　Sec。　176。　　That　the　aggressor；　who　puts　himself　into　the　　state　of　war　with　another；　and　unjustly　invades　another　man's　　right；　can；　by　such　an　unjust　war；　never　come　to　have　a　right　　over　the　conquered；　will　be　easily　agreed　by　all　men；　who　will　　not　think；　that　robbers　and　pyrates　have　a　right　of　empire　over　　whomsoever　they　have　force　enough　to　master；　or　that　men　are　　bound　by　promises；　which　unlawful　force　extorts　from　them。　　　Should　a　robber　break　into　my　house；　and　with　a　dagger　at　my　　throat　make　me　seal　deeds　to　convey　my　estate　to　him；　would　this　　give　him　any　title？　　Just　such　a　title；　by　his　sword；　has　an　　unjust　conqueror；　who　forces　me　into　submission。　　The　injury　and　　the　crime　is　equal；　whether　committed　by　the　wearer　of　a　crown；　　or　some　petty　villain。　　The　title　of　the　offender；　and　the　number　　of　his　followers；　make　no　difference　in　the　offence；　unless　it　be　　to　aggravate　it。　　The　only　difference　is；　great　robbers　punish　　little　ones；　to　keep　them　in　their　obedience；　but　the　great　ones　　are　rewarded　with　laurels　and　triumphs；　because　they　are　too　big　　for　the　weak　hands　of　justice　in　this　world；　and　have　the　power　　in　their　own　possession；　which　should　punish　offenders。　　What　is　　my　remedy　against　a　robber；　that　so　broke　into　my　house？　　Appeal　　to　the　law　for　justice。　　But　perhaps　justice　is　denied；　or　I　am　　crippled　and　cannot　stir；　robbed　and　have　not　the　means　to　do　it。　　　If　God　has　taken　away　all　means　of　seeking　remedy；　there　is　　nothing　left　but　patience。　　But　my　son；　when　able；　may　seek　the　　relief　of　the　law；　which　I　am　denied：　he　or　his　son　may　renew　his　

appeal；　till　he　recover　his　right。　　But　the　conquered；　or　their　　children；　have　no　court；　no　arbitrator　on　earth　to　appeal　to。　　　Then　they　may　appeal；　as　lephtha　did；　to　heaven；　and　repeat　their　　appeal　till　they　have　recovered　the　native　right　of　their　　ancestors；　which　was；　to　have　such　a　legislative　over　them；　as　　the　majority　should　approve；　and　freely　acquiesce　in。　　If　it　be　　objected；　This　would　cause　endless　trouble；　I　answer；　no　more　　than　justice　does；　where　she　lies　open　to　all　that　appeal　to　her。　　　He　that　troubles　his　neighbour　without　a　cause；　is　punished　for　　it　by　the　justice　of　the　court　he　appeals　to：　and　he　that　appeals　　to　heaven　must　be　sure　he　has　right　on　his　side；　and　a　right　too　　that　is　worth　the　trouble　and　cost　of　the　appeal；　as　he　will　　answer　at　a　tribunal　that　cannot　be　deceived；　and　will　be　sure　to　　retribute　to　every　one　according　to　the　mischiefs　he　hath　created　　to　his　fellow　subjects；　that　is；　any　part　of　mankind：　from　whence　　it　is　plain；　that　he　that　conquers　in　an　unjust　war　can　thereby　　have　no　title　to　the　subjection　and　obedience　of　the　conquered。　　　　　　Sec。　177。　　But　supposing　victory　favours　the　right　side；　let　　us　consider　a　conqueror　in　a　lawful　war；　and　see　what　power　he　　gets；　and　over　whom。　　　　　　First；　It　is　plain　he　gets　no　power　by　his　conquest　over　　those　that　conquered　with　him。　　They　that　fought　on　his　side　　cannot　suffer　by　the　conquest；　but　must　at　least　be　as　much　　freemen　as　they　were　before。　　And　most　commonly　they　serve　upon　　terms；　and　on　condition　to　share　with　their　leader；　and　enjoy　a　　part　of　the　spoil；　and　other　advantages　that　attend　the　　conquering　sword；　or　at　least　have　a　part　of　the　subdued　country　　bestowed　upon　them。　　And　the　conquering　people　are　not；　I　hope；　　to　be　slaves　by　conquest；　and　wear　their　laurels　only　to　shew　　they　are　sacrifices　to　their　leaders　triumph。　　They　that　found　　absolute　monarchy　upon　the　title　of　the　sword；　make　their　heroes；　　who　are　the　founders　of　such　monarchies；　arrant　Draw…can…sirs；　　and　forget　they　had　any　officers　and　soldiers　that　fought　on　　their　side　in　the　battles　they　won；　or　assisted　them　in　the　　subduing；　or　shared　in　possessing；　the　countries　they　mastered。　　　We　are　told　by　some；　that　the　English　monarchy　is　founded　in　the　　Norman　conquest；　and　that　our　princes　have　thereby　a　title　to　　absolute　dominion：　which　if　it　were　true；　（as　by　the　history　it　　appears　otherwise）　and　that　William　had　a　right　to　make　war　on　　this　island；　yet　his　dominion　by　conquest　could　reach　no　farther　　than　to　the　Saxons　and　Britons；　that　were　then　inhabitants　of　　this　country。　　The　Normans　that　came　with　him；　and　helped　to　　conquer；　and　all　descended　from　them；　are　freemen；　and　no　　subjects　by　conquest；　let　that　give　what　dominion　it　will。　　And　　if　1；　or　any　body　else；　shall　claim　freedom；　as　derived　from　　them；　it　will　be　very　hard　to　prove　the　contrary：　and　it　is　　plain；　the　law；　that　has　made　no　distinction　between　the　one　and　　the　other；　intends　not　there　should　be　any　difference　in　their　　freedom　or　privileges。　　　　　　Sec。　178。　　But　supposing；　which　seldom　happens；　that　the　　conquerors　and　conquered　never　incorporate　into　one　people；　under　　the　same　laws　and　freedom；　let　us　see　next　what　power　a　lawful　　conqueror　has　over　the　subdued：　and　that　I　say　is　purely　　despotical。　　He　has　an　absolute　power　over　the　lives　of　those　who　　by　an　unjust　war　have　forfeited　them；　but　not　over　the　lives　or　　fortunes　of　those　who　engaged　not　in　the　war；　nor　over　the　　possessions　even　of　those　who　were　actually　engaged　in　it。　　　　　　Sec。　179。　　Secondly；　I　say　then　the　conqueror　gets　no　power　　but　only　over　those　who　have　actually　assisted；　concurred；　or　　consented　to　that　unjust　force　that　is　used　against　him：　for　the　　people　having　given　to　their　governors　no　power　to　do　an　unjust　　thing；　such　as　is　to　make　an　unjust　war；　（for　they　never　had　such　　a　power　in　themselves）　they　ought　not　to　be　charged　as　guilty　of　　the　violence　and　unjustice　that　is　committed　in　an　unjust　war；　　any　farther　than　they　actually　abet　it；　no　more　than　they　are　to　　be　thought　guilty　of　any　violence　or　oppression　their　governors　

should　use　upon　the　people　themselves；　or　any　part　of　their　　fellow　subjects；　they　having　empowered　them　no　more　to　the　one　　than　to　the　other。　　Conquerors；　it　is　true；　seldom　trouble　　themselves　to　make　the　distinction；　but　they　willingly　permit　the　　confusion　of　war　to　sweep　all　together：　but　yet　this　alters　not　　the　right；　for　the　conquerors　power　over　the　lives　of　the　　conquered；　being　only　because　they　have　used　force　to　do；　or　　maintain　an　injustice；　he　can　have　that　power　only　over　those　who　　have　concurred　in　that　force；　all　the　rest　are　innocent；　and　he　　has　no　more　title　over　the　people　of　that　country；　who　have　done　　him　no　injury；　and　so　have　made　no　forfeiture　of　their　lives；　　than　he　has　over　any　other；　who；　without　any　injuries　or　　provocations；　have　lived　upon　fair　terms　with　him。　　　　　　Sec。　180。　　Thirdly；　The　power　a　conqueror　gets　over　those　he　　overcomes　in　a　just　war；　is　perfectly　despotical：　he　has　an　　absolute　power　over　the　lives　of　those；　who；　by　putting　　themselves　in　a　state　of　war；　have　forfeited　them；　but　he　has　not　　thereby　a　right　and　title　to　their　possessions。　　This　I　doubt　　not；　but　at　first　sight　will　seem　a　strange　doctrine；　it　being　so　　quite　contrary　to　the　practice　of　the　world；　there　being　nothing