second treatise of government-第31部分

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or　the　frame　of　an　　house　to　subsist　when　the　materials　of　it　are　scattered　and　　dissipated　by　a　whirl…wind；　or　jumbled　into　a　confused　heap　by　an　　earthquake。　　　　　　Sec。　212。　　Besides　this　over…turning　from　without；　　governments　are　dissolved　from　within；　　　　　　First；　When　the　legislative　is　altered。　　Civil　society　being　　a　state　of　peace；　amongst　those　who　are　of　it；　from　whom　the　　state　of　war　is　excluded　by　the　umpirage；　which　they　have　　provided　in　their　legislative；　for　the　ending　all　differences　　that　may　arise　amongst　any　of　them；　it　is　in　their　legislative；　　that　the　members　of　a　commonwealth　are　united；　and　combined　　together　into　one　coherent　living　body。　　This　is　the　soul　that　　gives　form；　life；　and　unity；　to　the　common…wealth：　from　hence　the　　several　members　have　their　mutual　influence；　sympathy；　and　　connexion：　and　therefore；　when　the　legislative　is　broken；　or　　dissolved；　dissolution　and　death　follows：　for　the　essence　and　　union　of　the　society　consisting　in　having　one　will；　the　　legislative；　when　once　established　by　the　majority；　has　the　　declaring；　and　as　it　were　keeping　of　that　will。　　The　constitution　　of　the　legislative　is　the　first　and　fundamental　act　of　society；　　whereby　provision　is　made　for　the　continuation　of　their　union；　　under　the　direction　of　persons；　and　bonds　of　laws；　made　by　　persons　authorized　thereunto；　by　the　consent　and　appointment　of　　the　people；　without　which　no　one　man；　or　number　of　men；　amongst　　them；　can　have　authority　of　making　laws　that　shall　be　binding　to　　the　rest。　　　When　any　one；　or　more；　shall　take　upon　them　to　make　　laws；　whom　the　people　have　not　appointed　so　to　do；　they　make　laws　　without　authority；　which　the　people　are　not　therefore　bound　to　　obey；　by　which　means　they　come　again　to　be　out　of　subjection；　and　　may　constitute　to　themselves　a　new　legislative；　as　they　think　　best；　being　in　full　liberty　to　resist　the　force　of　those；　who　　without　authority　would　impose　any　thing　upon　them。　　Every　one　is　　at　the　disposure　of　his　own　will；　when　those　who　had；　by　the　　delegation　of　the　society；　the　declaring　of　the　public　will；　are　　excluded　from　it；　and　others　usurp　the　place；　who　have　no　such　　authority　or　delegation。

　　　　　Sec。　213。　　This　being　usually　brought　about　by　such　in　the　　commonwealth　who　misuse　the　power　they　have；　it　is　hard　to　　consider　it　aright；　and　know　at　whose　door　to　lay　it；　without　　knowing　the　form　of　government　in　which　it　happens。　　Let　us　　suppose　then　the　legislative　placed　in　the　concurrence　of　three　　distinct　persons。　　　　　　1。　　A　single　hereditary　person；　having　the　constant；　　supreme；　executive　power；　and　with　it　the　power　of　convoking　and　　dissolving　the　other　two　within　certain　periods　of　time。　　　　　　2。　　An　assembly　of　hereditary　nobility。　　　　　　3。　　An　assembly　of　representatives　chosen；　pro　tempore；　by　　the　people。　　Such　a　form　of　government　supposed；　it　is　evident；　　　　　　Sec。　214。　　First；　That　when　such　a　single　person；　or　prince；　　sets　up　his　own　arbitrary　will　in　place　of　the　laws；　which　are　　the　will　of　the　society；　declarad　by　the　legislative；　then　the　　legislative　is　changed：　for　that　being　in　effect　the　legislative；　　whose　rules　and　laws　are　put　in　execution；　and　required　to　be　　obeyed；　when　other　laws　are　set　up；　and　other　rules　pretended；　　and　inforced；　than　what　the　legislative；　constituted　by　the　　society；　have　enacted；　it　is　plain　that　the　legislative　is　　changed。　　Whoever　introduces　new　laws；　not　being　thereunto　　authorized　by　the　fundamental　appointment　of　the　society；　or　　subverts　the　old；　disowns　and　overturns　the　power　by　which　they　　were　made；　and　so　sets　up　a　new　legislative。　　　　　　Sec。　215。　　Secondly；　When　the　prince　hinders　the　legislative　　from　assembling　in　its　due　time；　or　from　acting　freely；　pursuant　　to　those　ends　for　which　it　was　constituted；　the　legislative　is　　altered：　for　it　is　not　a　certain　number　of　men；　no；　nor　their　　meeting；　unless　they　have　also　freedom　of　debating；　and　leisure　　of　perfecting；　what　is　for　the　good　of　the　society；　wherein　the　　legislative　consists：　when　these　are　taken　away　or　altered；　so　as　　to　deprive　the　society　of　the　due　exercise　of　their　power；　the　　legislative　is　truly　altered；　for　it　is　not　names　that　constitute　　governments；　but　the　use　and　exercise　of　those　powers　that　were　　intended　to　accompany　them；　so　that　he；　who　takes　away　the　　freedom；　or　hinders　the　acting　of　the　legislative　in　its　due　　seasons；　in　effect　takes　away　the　legislative；　and　puts　an　end　to　　the　government；　　　　　　Sec。　216。　　Thirdly；　When；　by　the　arbitrary　power　of　the　　prince；　the　electors；　or　ways　of　election；　are　altered；　without　　the　consent；　and　contrary　to　the　common　interest　of　the　people；　　there　also　the　legislative　is　altered：　for；　if　others　than　those　　whom　the　society　hath　authorized　thereunto；　do　chuse；　or　in　　another　way　than　what　the　society　hath　prescribed；　those　chosen　　are　not　the　legislative　appointed　by　the　people。　　　　　　Sec。　217。　　Fourthly；　The　delivery　also　of　the　people　into　　the　subjection　of　a　foreign　power；　either　by　the　prince；　or　by　　the　legislative；　is　certainly　a　change　of　the　legislative；　and　so　　a　dissolution　of　the　government：　for　the　end　why　people　entered　　into　society　being　to　be　preserved　one　intire；　free；　independent　　society；　to　be　governed　by　its　own　laws；　this　is　lost；　whenever　　they　are　given　up　into　the　power　of　another。　　　　　　Sec。　218。　　Why；　in　such　a　constitution　as　this；　the　　dissolution　of　the　government　in　these　cases　is　to　be　imputed　to　　the　prince；　is　evident；　because　he；　having　the　force；　treasure　　and　offices　of　the　state　to　employ；　and　often　persuading　himself；　　or　being　flattered　by　others；　that　as　supreme　magistrate　he　is　　uncapable　of　controul；　he　alone　is　in　a　condition　to　make　great　　advances　toward　such　changes；　under　pretence　of　lawful　authority；　　and　has　it　in　his　hands　to　terrify　or　suppress　opposers；　as　　factious；　seditious；　and　enemies　to　the　government：　whereas　no　　other　part　of　the　legislative；　or　people；　is　capable　by　　themselves　to　attempt　any　alteration　of　the　legislative；　without　　open　and　visible　rebellion；　apt　enough　to　be　taken　notice　of；　　which；　when　it　prevails；　produces　effects　very　little　different　　from　foreign　conquest。　　Besides；　the　prince　in　such　a　form　of　

government；　having　the　power　of　dissolving　the　other　parts　of　the　　legislative；　and　thereby　rendering　them　private　persons；　they　can　　never　in　opposition　to　him；　or　without　his　concurrence；　alter　the　　legislative　by　a　law；　his　conse　power；　neglects　and　abandons　that　charge；　so　that　the　　laws　already　made　can　no　longer　be　put　in　execution。　　This　is　　demonstratively　to　reduce　all　to　anarchy；　and　so　effectually　to　　dissolve　the　government：　for　laws　not　being　made　for　themselves；　　but　to　be；　by　their　execution；　the　bonds　of　the　society；　to　keep　　every　part　of　the　body　politic　in　its　due　place　and　function；　　when　that　totally　ceases；　the　government　visibly　ceases；　and　the　　people　become　a　confused　multitude；　without　order　or　connexion。　　　Where　there　is　no　longer　the　administration　of　justice；　for　the　　securing　of　men's　rights；　nor　any　remaining　power　within　the　　community　to　direct　the　force；　or　provide　for　the　necessities　of　　the　public；　there　certainly　is　no　government　left。　　Where　the　　laws　cannot　be　executed；　it　is　all　one　as　if　there　were　no　laws；　　and　a　government　without　laws　is；　I　suppose；　a　mystery　in　　politics；　unconceivable　to　human　capacity；　and　inconsistent　with　　human　society。　　　　　　Sec。　220。　　In　these　and　the　like　cases；　when　the　government　　is　dissolved；　the　people　are　at　liberty　to　provide　for　　themselves；　by　erecting　a　new　legislative；　differing　from　the　　other；　by　the　change　of　persons；　or　form；　or　both；　as　they　shall　　find　it　most　for　their　safety　and　good：　for　the　society　can　　never；　by　the　fault　of　another；　lose　the　native　and　original　　right　it　has　to　preserve　itself；　which　can　only　be　done　by　a　　settled　legislative；　and　a　fair　and　impartial　execution　of　the　　laws　made　by　it。　　But　the　state　of　mankind　is　not　so　miserable　　that　they　are　not　capable　of　using　this　remedy；　till　it　be　too　　late　to　look　for　any。　　To　tell　people　they　may　provide　for　　themselves；　by　erecting　a　new　legislative；　when　by　oppression；　　artifice；　or　being　delivered　over　to　a　foreign　power；　their　old　　one　is　gone；　is　only　to　tell　them；　they　may　expect　relief　when　it　　is　too　late；　and　the　evil　is　past　cure。　　This　is　in　effect　no　　more　than　to　bid　them　first　be　slaves；　and　then　to　take　care　of　　their　liberty；　and　when　their　chains　are　on；　tell　them；　they　may　　act　like　freemen。　　This；　if　barely　so；　is　rather　mockery　than　　relief；　and　men　can　never　be　secure　from　tyranny；　if　there　be　no　　means　to　escape　it　till　they　are　perfectly　under　it：　and　　therefore　it　is；　that　they　have　not　only　a　right　to　get　out　of　　it；　but　to　prevent　it。　　　　　　Sec。　221。　　There　is　therefore；　secondly；　another　way　whereby　　governments　are　dissolved；　and　that　is；　when　the　legislative；　or　　the　prince；　either　of　them；　act　contrary　to　their　trust。　　　　　First；　The　legislative　acts　against　the　trust　reposed　in　them；　　when　they　endeavour　to　invade　the　property　of　the　subject；　and　to　　make　themselves；　or　any　part　of　the　community；　masters；　or　　arbitrary　disposers　of　the　lives；　liberties；　or　fortunes　of　the　　people。　　　　　　Sec。　222。　　The　reason　why　men　enter　into　society；　i