the science of right-第13部分

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of　all　rights。



　　　　　　　　The　Rights　of　the　Family　as　a　Domestic　Society



　　　　　　　　　Title　I。　Conjugal　Right。　（Husband　and　Wife）

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　24。　The　Natural　Basis　of　Marriage。



　　The　domestic　relations　are　founded　on　marriage；　and　marriage　is

founded　upon　the　natural　reciprocity　or　intercommunity　（commercium）　of

the　sexes。*　This　natural　union　of　the　sexes　proceeds　according　to

the　mere　animal　nature　（vaga　libido；　venus　vulgivaga；　fornicatio）；

or　according　to　the　law。　The　latter　is　marriage　（matrimonium）；　which

is　the　union　of　two　persons　of　different　sex　for　life…long

reciprocal　possession　of　their　sexual　faculties。　The　end　of

producing　and　educating　children　may　be　regarded　as　always　the　end

of　nature　in　implanting　mutual　desire　and　inclination　in　the　sexes；

but　it　is　not　necessary　for　the　rightfulness　of　marriage　that　those

who　marry　should　set　this　before　themselves　as　the　end　of　their　union；

otherwise　the　marriage　would　be　dissolved　of　itself　when　the

production　of　children　ceased。



　　*Commercium　sexuale　est　usus　membrorum　et　facultatum　sexualium

alterius。　This　〃usus〃　is　either　natural；　by　which　human　beings　may

reproduce　their　own　kind；　or　unnatural；　which；　again；　refers　either　to

a　person　of　the　same　sex　or　to　an　animal　of　another　species　than

man。　These　transgressions　of　all　law；　as　crimina　carnis　contra

naturam；　are　even　〃not　to　be　named〃；　and；　as　wrongs　against　all

humanity　in　the　person；　they　cannot　be　saved；　by　any　limitation　or

exception　whatever；　from　entire　reprobation。



　　And　even　assuming　that　enjoyment　in　the　reciprocal　use　of　the　sexual

endowments　is　an　end　of　marriage；　yet　the　contract　of　marriage　is

not　on　that　account　a　matter　of　arbitrary　will；　but　is　a　contract

necessary　in　its　nature　by　the　law　of　humanity。　In　other　words；　if　a

man　and　a　woman　have　the　will　to　enter　on　reciprocal　enjoyment　in

accordance　with　their　sexual　nature；　they　must　necessarily　marry

each　other；　and　this　necessity　is　in　accordance　with　the　juridical

laws　of　pure　reason。



　　　　　　　　　　　　　25。　The　Rational　Right　of　Marriage。



　　For；　this　natural　commercium…　as　a　usus　membrorum　sexualium

alterius…　is　an　enjoyment　for　which　the　one　person　is　given　up　to

the　other。　In　this　relation　the　human　individual　makes　himself　a

res；　which　is　contrary　to　the　right　of　humanity　in　his　own　person。

This；　however；　is　only　possible　under　the　one　condition；　that　as　the

one　person　is　acquired　by　the　other　as　a　res；　that　same　person　also

equally　acquires　the　other　reciprocally；　and　thus　regains　and

reestablishes　the　rational　personality。　The　acquisition　of　a　part　of

the　human　organism　being；　on　account　of　its　unity；　at　the　same　time

the　acquisition　of　the　whole　person；　it　follows　that　the　surrender　and

acceptation　of；　or　by；　one　sex　in　relation　to　the　other；　is　not　only

permissible　under　the　condition　of　marriage；　but　is　further　only

really　possible　under　that　condition。　But　the　personal　right　thus

acquired　is；　at　the　same　time；　real　in　kind；　and　this　characteristic

of　it　is　established　by　the　fact　that　if　one　of　the　married　persons

run　away　or　enter　into　the　possession　of　another；　the　other　is

entitled；　at　any　time；　and　incontestably；　to　bring　such　a　one　back

to　the　former　relation；　as　if　that　person　were　a　thing。



　　　　　　　　　　　　26。　Monogamy　and　Equality　in　Marriage。



　　For　the　same　reasons；　the　relation　of　the　married　persons　to　each

other　is　a　relation　of　equality　as　regards　the　mutual　possession　of

their　persons；　as　well　as　of　their　goods。　Consequently　marriage　is

only　truly　realized　in　monogamy；　for　in　the　relation　of　polygamy　the

person　who　is　given　away　on　the　one　side；　gains　only　a　part　of　the　one

to　whom　that　person　is　given　up；　and　therefore　becomes　a　mere　res。　But

in　respect　of　their　goods；　they　have　severally　the　right　to　renounce

the　use　of　any　part　of　them；　although　only　by　a　special　contract。



　　From　the　principle　thus　stated；　it　also　follows　that　concubinage

is　as　little　capable　of　being　brought　under　a　contract　of　right　as　the

hiring　of　a　person　on　any　one　occasion；　in　the　way　of　a　pactum

fornicationis。　For；　as　regards　such　a　contract　as　this　latter　relation

would　imply；　it　must　be　admitted　by　all　that　any　one　who　might　enter

into　it　could　not　be　legally　held　to　the　fulfillment　of　their

promise　if　they　wished　to　resile　from　it。　And　as　regards　the　former；　a

contract　of　concubinage　would　also　fall　as　a　pactum　turpe；　because

as　a　contract　of　the　hire　（locatio；　conductio）；　of　a　part　for　the

use　of　another；　on　account　of　the　inseparable　unity　of　the　members

of　a　person；　any　one　entering　into　such　a　contract　would　be　actually

surrendering　as　a　res　to　the　arbitrary　will　of　another。　Hence　any

party　may　annul　a　contract　like　this　if　entered　into　with　any　other；

at　any　time　and　at　pleasure；　and　that　other　would　have　no　ground；　in

the　circumstances；　to　complain　of　a　lesion　of　his　right。　The　same

holds　likewise　of　a　morganatic　or　〃left…hand〃　marriage；　contracted

in　order　to　turn　the　inequality　in　the　social　status　of　the　two

parties　to　advantage　in　the　way　of　establishing　the　social　supremacy

of　the　one　over　the　other；　for；　in　fact；　such　a　relation　is　not　really

different　from　concubinage；　according　to　the　principles　of　natural

right；　and　therefore　does　not　constitute　a　real　marriage。　Hence　the

question　may　be　raised　as　to　whether　it　is　not　contrary　to　the

equality　of　married　persons　when　the　law　says　in　any　way　of　the

husband　in　relation　to　the　wife；　〃he　shall　be　thy　master；〃　so　that

he　is　represented　as　the　one　who　commands；　and　she　is　the　one　who

obeys。　This；　however；　cannot　be　regarded　as　contrary　to　the　natural

equality　of　a　human　pair；　if　such　legal　supremacy　is　based　only　upon

the　natural　superiority　of　the　faculties　of　the　husband　compared

with　the　wife；　in　the　effectuation　of　the　common　interest　of　the

household；　and　if　the　right　to　command　is　based　merely　upon　this　fact。

For　this　right　may　thus　be　deduced　from　the　very　duty　of　unity　and

equality　in　relation　to　the　end　involved。



　　　　　　　　27。　Fulfillment　of　the　Contract　of　Marriage。



　　The　contract　of　marriage　is　completed　only　by　conjugal　cohabitation。

A　contract　of　two　persons　of　different　sex；　with　the　secret

understanding　either　to　abstain　from　conjugal　cohabitation　or　with　the

consciousness　on　either　side　of　incapacity　for　it；　is　a　simulated

contract；　it　does　not　constitute　a　marriage；　and　it　may　be　dissolved

by　either　of　the　parties　at　will。　But　if　the　incapacity　only　arises

after　marriage；　the　right　of　the　contract　is　not　annulled　or

diminished　by　a　contingency　that　cannot　be　legally　blamed。

　　The　acquisition　of　a　spouse；　either　as　a　husband　or　as　a　wife；　is

therefore　not　constituted　facto…　that　is；　by　cohabitation…　without　a

preceding　contract；　nor　even　pacto…　by　a　mere　contract　of　marriage；

without　subsequent　cohabitation；　but　only　lege；　that　is；　as　a

juridical　consequence　of　the　obligation　that　is　formed　by　two

persons　entering　into　a　sexual　union　solely　on　the　basis　of　a

reciprocal　possession　of　each　other；　which　possession　at　the　same　time

is　only　effected　in　reality　by　the　reciprocal　usus　facultatum

sexualium　alterius。



　　　　　　　　　　Title　II。　Parental　Right。　（Parent　and　Child）。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　28。　The　Relation　of　Parent　and　Child。



　　From　the　duty　of　man　towards　himself…　that　is；　towards　the

humanity　in　his　own　person　there　thus　arises　a　personal　right　on　the

part　of　the　members　of　the　opposite　sexes；　as　persons；　to　acquire

one　another　really　and　reciprocally　by　marriage。　In　like　manner；

from　the　fact　of　procreation　in　the　union　thus　constituted；　there

follows　the　duty　of　preserving　and　rearing　children　as　the　products　of

this　union。　Accordingly；　children；　as　persons；　have；　at　the　same　time；

an　original　congenital　right…　distinguished　from　mere　hereditary

right…　to　be　reared　by　the　care　of　their　parents　till　they　are　capable

of　maintaining　themselves；　and　this　provision　becomes　immediately

theirs　by　law；　without　any　particular　juridical　act　being　required

to　determine　it。

　　For　what　is　thus　produced　is　a　person；　and　it　is　impossible　to　think

of　a　being　endowed　with　personal　freedom　as　produced　merely　by　a

physical　process。　And　hence；　in　the　practical　relation；　it　is　quite

a　correct　and　even　a　necessary　idea　to　regard　the　act　of　generation　as

a　process　by　which　a　person　is　brought　without　his　consent　into　the

world　and　placed　in　it　by　the　responsible　free　will　of　others。　This

act；　therefore；　attaches　an　obligation　to　the　parents　to　make　their

children…　as　far　as　their　power　goes…　contented　with　the　condition

thus　acquired。　Hence　parents　cannot　regard　their　child　as；　in　a

manner；　a　thing　of　their　own　making；　for　a　being　endowed　with

freedom　cannot　be　so　regarded。　Nor；　consequently；　have　they　a　right　to

destroy　it　as　if　it　were　their　own　property；　or　even　to　leave　it　to

chance；　because　they　have　brought　a　being　into　the　world　who　becomes

in　fact　a　citizen　of