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industrial biography-第27部分
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principally because of its many admirable qualities in these latter
forms that iron maintains its supremacy over all the other metals。
The process of converting iron into steel had long been known among
the Eastern nations before it was introduced into Europe。 The Hindoos
were especially skilled in the art of making steel; as indeed they
are to this day; and it is supposed that the tools with which the
Egyptians covered their obelisks and temples of porphyry and syenite
with hieroglyphics were made of Indian steel; as probably no other
metal was capable of executing such work。 The art seems to have been
well known in Germany in the Middle Ages; and the process is on the
whole very faithfully described by Agricola in his great work on
Metallurgy。*
'footnote。。。
AGRICOLA; De Re Metallica。 Basle; 1621。
。。。'
England then produced very little steel; and was mainly dependent for
its supply of the article upon the continental makers。
From an early period Sheffield became distinguished for its
manufacture of iron and steel into various useful articles。 We find
it mentioned in the thirteenth century as a place where the best
arrowheads were made;the Earl of Richmond owing his success at the
battle of Bosworth partly to their superior length; sharpness; and
finish。 The manufactures of the town became of a more pacific
character in the following centuries; during which knives; tools; and
implements of husbandry became the leading articles。
Chaucer's reference to the 'Sheffield thwytel' (or case…knife) in his
Canterbury Tales; written about the end of the fourteenth century;
shows that the place had then become known for its manufacture of
knives。 In 1575 we find the Earl of Shrewsbury presenting to his
friend Lord Burleigh 〃a case of Hallamshire whittells; being such
fruites as his pore cuntrey affordeth with fame throughout the
realme。〃 Fuller afterwards speaks of the Sheffield knives as 〃for
common use of the country people;〃 and he cites an instance of a
knave who cozened him out of fourpence for one when it was only worth
a penny。
In 1600 Sheffield became celebrated for its tobacco…boxes and
Jew's…harps。 The town was as yet of small size and population; for
when a survey of it was made in 1615 it was found to contain not more
than 2207 householders; of whom one…third; or 725; were 〃not able to
live without the charity of their neighbours: these are all Begging
poor。〃*
'footnote。。。
The Rev。 JOSEPH HUNTER; History of Hallamshire。
。。。'
It must; however; have continued its manufacture of knives; for we
find that the knife with which Felton stabbed the Duke of Buckingham
at Portsmouth in 1628 was traced to Sheffield。 The knife was left
sticking in the duke's body; and when examined was found to bear the
Sheffield corporation mark。 It was ultimately ascertained to have
been made by one Wild; a cutler; who had sold the knife for tenpence
to Felton when recruiting in the town。 At a still later period; the
manufacture of clasp or spring knives was introduced into Sheffield
by Flemish workmen。 Harrison says this trade was begun in 1650。 The
clasp…knife was commonly known in the North as a jocteleg。 Hence
Burns; describing the famous article treasured by Captain Grose the
antiquarian; says that
〃It was a faulding jocteleq;
Or lang…kail gully;〃
the word being merely a corruption of Jacques de Liege; a famous
foreign cutler; whose knives were as well known throughout Europe as
those of Rogers or Mappin are now。 Scythes and sickles formed other
branches of manufacture introduced by the Flemish artisans; the
makers of the former principally living in the parish of Norton;
those of the latter in Eckington。
Many improvements were introduced from time to time in the material
of which these articles were made。 Instead of importing the German
steel; as it was called; the Sheffield manufacturers began to make it
themselves; principally from Dannemora iron imported from Sweden。 The
first English manufacturer of the article was one Crowley; a
Newcastle man; and the Sheffield makers shortly followed his example。
We may here briefly state that the ordinary method of preparing this
valuable material of manufactures is by exposing iron bars; placed in
contact with roughly…granulated charcoal; to an intense heat;the
process lasting for about a week; more or less; according to the
degree of carbonization required。 By this means; what is called
BLISTERED STEEL is produced; and it furnishes the material out of
which razors; files; knives; swords; and various articles of hardware
are manufactured。 A further process is the manufacture of the metal
thus treated into SHEAR STEEL; by exposing a fasciculus of the
blistered steel rods; with sand scattered over them for the purposes
of a flux; to the heat of a wind…furnace until the whole mass becomes
of a welding heat; when it is taken from the fire and drawn out under
a forge…hammer;the process of welding being repeated; after which
the steel is reduced to the required sizes。 The article called FAGGOT
steel is made after a somewhat similar process。
But the most valuable form in which steel is now used in the
manufactures of Sheffield is that of cast…steel; in which iron is
presented in perhaps its very highest state of perfection。 Cast…steel
consists of iron united to carbon in an elastic state together with a
small portion of oxygen; whereas crude or pig iron consists of iron
combined with carbon in a material state。*
'footnote。。。
MUSHET; Papers On Iron and Steel。
。。。'
chief merits of cast…steel consist in its possessing great cohesion
and closeness of grain; with an astonishing degree of tenacity and
flexibility; qualities which render it of the highest value in all
kinds of tools and instruments where durability; polish; and fineness
of edge are essential requisites。 It is to this material that we are
mainly indebted for the exquisite cutting instrument of the surgeon;
the chisel of the sculptor; the steel plate on which the engraver
practises his art; the cutting tools employed in the various
processes of skilled handicraft; down to the common saw or the axe
used by the backwoodsman in levelling the primeval forest。
The invention of cast…steel is due to Benjamin Huntsman; of
Attercliffe; near Sheffield。 M。 Le Play; Professor of Metallurgy in
the Royal School of Mines of France; after making careful inquiry and
weighing all the evidence on the subject; arrived at the conclusion
that the invention fairly belongs to Huntsman。 The French professor
speaks of it as a 〃memorable discovery;〃 made and applied with
admirable perseverance; and he claims for its inventor the
distinguished merit of advancing the steel manufactures of Yorkshire
to the first rank; and powerfully contributing to the establishment
on a firm foundation of the industrial and commercial supremacy of
Great Britain。 It is remarkable that a French writer should have been
among the first to direct public attention to the merits of this
inventor; and to have first published the few facts known as to his
history in a French Government Report;showing the neglect which men
of this class have heretofore received at home; and the much greater
esteem in which they are held by scientific foreigners。*
'footnote。。。
M。 Le Play's two elaborate and admirable reports on the manufacture
of steel; published in the Annales des Mines; vols。 iii。 and ix。; 4th
series; are unique of their kind; and have as yet no counterpart in
English literature。 They are respectively entitled 'Memoire sur la
Fabrication de l'Acier en Yorkshire;' and 'Memoire sur le
Fabrication et le Commerce des Fers a Acier dans le Nord de
l'Europe。'
。。。'
Le Play; in his enthusiastic admiration of the discoverer of so
potent a metal as cast…steel; paid a visit to Huntsman's grave in
Atterclifle Churchyard; near Sheffield; and from the inscription on
his tombstone recites the facts of his birth; his death; and his
brief history。 With the assistance of his descendants; we are now
enabled to add the following record of the life and labours of this
remarkable but almost forgotten man。
Benjamin Huntsman was born in Lincolnshire in the year 1704。 His
parents were of German extraction; and had settled in this country
only a few years previous to his birth。 The boy being of an ingenious
turn; was bred to a mechanical calling; and becoming celebrated for
his expertness in repairing clocks; he eventually set up in business
as a clock maker and mender in the town of Doncaster。 He also
undertook various other kinds of metal work; such as the making and
repairing of locks; smoke…jacks; roasting…jacks; and other articles
requiring mechanical skill。 He was remarkably shrewd; observant;
thoughtful; and practical; so much so that he came to be regarded as
the 〃wise man〃 of his neighbourhood; and was not only consult
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