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the psychology of revolution-µÚ1²¿·Ö
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The¡¡Psychology¡¡of¡¡Revolution
Gustave¡¡le¡¡Bon
CONTENTS
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INTRODUCTION¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡REVISION¡¡OF¡¡HISTORY¡¡
PART¡¡I
THE¡¡PSYCHOLOGICAL¡¡ELEMENTS¡¡OF¡¡REVOLUTIONARY¡¡MOVEMENTS
BOOK¡¡I
GENERAL¡¡CHARACTERISTICS¡¡OF¡¡REVOLUTIONS
CHAPTER¡¡I¡£¡¡¡¡SCIENTIFIC¡¡AND¡¡POLITICAL¡¡REVOLUTIONS¡¡
1¡£¡¡¡¡Classification¡¡of¡¡Revolutions
2¡£¡¡¡¡Scientific¡¡Revolutions
3¡£¡¡¡¡Political¡¡Revolutions
4¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡results¡¡of¡¡Political¡¡Revolutions
CHAPTER¡¡II¡£¡¡¡¡RELIGIOUS¡¡REVOLUTIONS
1¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡study¡¡of¡¡Religious¡¡Revolutions¡¡in
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡respect¡¡of¡¡the¡¡comprehension¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡Political
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Revolutions
2¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡beginnings¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Reformation¡¡and¡¡its¡¡first
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡disciples
3¡£¡¡¡¡Rational¡¡value¡¡of¡¡the¡¡doctrines¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Reformation
4¡£¡¡¡¡Propagation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Reformation
5¡£¡¡¡¡Conflict¡¡between¡¡different¡¡religious¡¡beliefs¡£¡¡¡¡The
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡impossibility¡¡of¡¡tolerance¡¡
6¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡results¡¡of¡¡Religious¡¡Revolutions¡¡
CHAPTER¡¡III¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡ACTION¡¡OF¡¡GOVERNMENTS¡¡IN¡¡REVOLUTIONS
1¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡feeble¡¡resistance¡¡of¡¡Governments¡¡in¡¡time¡¡of
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Revolution
2¡£¡¡¡¡How¡¡the¡¡resistance¡¡of¡¡Governments¡¡may¡¡overcome
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Revolution
3¡£¡¡¡¡Revolutions¡¡effected¡¡by¡¡Governments¡£¡¡¡¡Examples£º¡¡China£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Turkey£»¡¡&c
4¡£¡¡¡¡Social¡¡elements¡¡which¡¡survive¡¡the¡¡changes¡¡of¡¡Government
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡after¡¡Revolution
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
CHAPTER¡¡IV¡£¡¡THE¡¡PART¡¡PLAYED¡¡BY¡¡THE¡¡PEOPLE¡¡IN¡¡REVOLUTIONS
1¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡stability¡¡and¡¡malleability¡¡Of¡¡the¡¡national¡¡mind
2¡£¡¡¡¡How¡¡the¡¡People¡¡regards¡¡Revolution
3¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡supposed¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡People¡¡during¡¡Revolution
4¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡popular¡¡entity¡¡and¡¡its¡¡constituent¡¡elements
BOOK¡¡II
THE¡¡FORMS¡¡OF¡¡MENTALITY¡¡PREVALENT¡¡DURING¡¡REVOLUTION
CHAPTER¡¡I¡£¡¡INDIVIDUAL¡¡VARIATIONS¡¡OF¡¡CHARACTER¡¡IN¡¡TIME¡¡OF
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡REVOLUTION
1¡£¡¡¡¡Transformations¡¡of¡¡Personality
2¡£¡¡¡¡Elements¡¡of¡¡character¡¡predominant¡¡in¡¡time¡¡of¡¡Revolution
CHAPTER¡¡II¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡MYSTIC¡¡MENTALITY¡¡AND¡¡THE¡¡JACOBIN¡¡MENTALITY¡¡
1¡£¡¡¡¡Classification¡¡of¡¡mentalities¡¡predominant¡¡in¡¡time¡¡of
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Revolution
2¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Mystic¡¡Mentality¡¡
3¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Jacobin¡¡Mentality
CHAPTER¡¡III¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡REVOLUTIONARY¡¡AND¡¡CRIMINAL¡¡MENTALITIES
1¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Revolutionary¡¡Mentality
2¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Criminal¡¡Mentality
CHAPTER¡¡IV¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡PSYCHOLOGY¡¡OF¡¡REVOLUTIONARY¡¡CROWDS
1¡£¡¡¡¡General¡¡characteristics¡¡of¡¡the¡¡crowd
2¡£¡¡¡¡How¡¡the¡¡stability¡¡of¡¡the¡¡racial¡¡mind¡¡limits¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡oscillations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mind¡¡of¡¡the¡¡crowd
3¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡role¡¡of¡¡the¡¡leader¡¡in¡¡Revolutionary¡¡Movements
CHAPTER¡¡V¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡PSYCHOLOGY¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡REVOLUTIONARY¡¡ASSEMBLIES
1¡£¡¡¡¡Psychological¡¡characteristics¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡Revolutionary
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Assemblies
2¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Psychology¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolutionary¡¡Clubs
3¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡suggested¡¡explanation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡progressive¡¡exaggeration
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡sentiments¡¡in¡¡assemblies
PART¡¡II
BOOK¡¡I
THE¡¡ORIGINS¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡FRENCH¡¡REVOLUTION
CHAPTER¡¡1¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡OPINIONS¡¡OF¡¡HISTORIANS¡¡CONCERNING¡¡THE¡¡FRENCH
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡REVOLUTION
1¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Historians¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution
2¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡Fatalism¡¡in¡¡respect¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution
3¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡hesitation¡¡of¡¡recent¡¡Historians¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution
4¡£¡¡¡¡Impartiality¡¡in¡¡History
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
CHAPTER¡¡II¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡PSYCHOLOGICAL¡¡FOUNDATIONS¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡ANCIEN¡¡REGIME
1¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Absolute¡¡Monarchy¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Basis¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Ancien¡¡Regime
2¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡inconveniences¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Ancien¡¡Regime
3¡£¡¡¡¡Life¡¡under¡¡the¡¡Ancien¡¡Regime
4¡£¡¡¡¡Evolution¡¡of¡¡Monarchical¡¡feeling¡¡during¡¡the¡¡Revolution
CHAPTER¡¡III¡£¡¡¡¡MENTAL¡¡ANARCHY¡¡AT¡¡THE¡¡TIME¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡REVOLUTION
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡AND¡¡THE¡¡INFLUENCE¡¡ATTRIBUTED¡¡TO¡¡THE¡¡PHILOSOPHERS
1¡£¡¡¡¡Origin¡¡and¡¡Propagation¡¡of¡¡Revolutionary¡¡Ideas
2¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡supposed¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Philosophers¡¡of¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡eighteenth¡¡century¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡Genesis¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Their¡¡dislike¡¡of¡¡Democracy¡¡
3¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡philosophical¡¡ideas¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bourgeoisie¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡
CHAPTER¡¡IV¡£¡¡¡¡PSYCHOLOGICAL¡¡ILLUSIONS¡¡RESPECTING¡¡THE¡¡FRENCH
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡REVOLUTION¡¡
1¡£¡¡¡¡Illusions¡¡respecting¡¡Primitive¡¡Man£»¡¡the¡¡return¡¡to¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡State¡¡of¡¡Nature£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Psychology¡¡of¡¡the¡¡People
2¡£¡¡¡¡Illusions¡¡respecting¡¡the¡¡possibility¡¡of¡¡separating¡¡Man
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡his¡¡Past¡¡and¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡Transformation¡¡attributed
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Law
3¡£¡¡¡¡Illusions¡¡respecting¡¡the¡¡Theoretical¡¡Value¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Revolutionary¡¡Principles
BOOK¡¡II
THE¡¡RATIONAL£»¡¡AFFECTIVE£»¡¡MYSTIC£»¡¡AND¡¡COLLECTIVE¡¡INFLUENCES¡¡ACTIVE
DURING¡¡THE¡¡REVOLUTION
CHAPTER¡¡I¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡PSYCHOLOGY¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡CONSTITUENT¡¡ASSEMBLY
1¡£¡¡¡¡Psychological¡¡influences¡¡active¡¡during¡¡the¡¡French
Revolution
2¡£¡¡¡¡Dissolution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Ancien¡¡Regime¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡assembling¡¡of
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡States¡¡General
3¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡constituent¡¡Assembly
CHAPTER¡¡II¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡PSYCHOLOGY¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡LEGISLATIVE¡¡ASSEMBLY
1¡£¡¡¡¡Political¡¡events¡¡during¡¡the¡¡life¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Legislative
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Assembly
2¡£¡¡¡¡Mental¡¡characteristics¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Legislative¡¡Assembly
CHAPTER¡¡III¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡PSYCHOLOGY¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡CONVENTION
1¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Legend¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Convention
2¡£¡¡¡¡Results¡¡of¡¡the¡¡triumph¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Jacobin¡¡Religion
3¡£¡¡¡¡Mental¡¡characteristics¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Convention
CHAPTER¡¡IV¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡GOVERNMENT¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡CONVENTION
1¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡activity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Clubs¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Commune¡¡during¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Convention
2¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Government¡¡of¡¡France¡¡during¡¡the¡¡Convention£º¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Terror
3¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡End¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Convention¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Beginnings¡¡of¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Directory
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
CHAPTER¡¡V¡£¡¡¡¡INSTANCES¡¡OF¡¡REVOLUTIONARY¡¡VIOLENCE
1¡£¡¡¡¡Psychological¡¡Causes¡¡of¡¡Revolutionary¡¡Violence¡¡
2¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Revolutionary¡¡Tribunals
3¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Terror¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Provinces
CHAPTER¡¡VI¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡ARMIES¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡REVOLUTION
1¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Revolutionary¡¡Assemblies¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Armies
2¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Struggle¡¡of¡¡Europe¡¡against¡¡the¡¡Revolution
3¡£¡¡¡¡Psychological¡¡and¡¡Military¡¡Factors¡¡which¡¡determined¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡success¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolutionary¡¡Armies
CHAPTER¡¡VII¡£¡¡¡¡PSYCHOLOGY¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡LEADERS¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡REVOLUTION
1¡£¡¡¡¡Mentality¡¡of¡¡the¡¡men¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡respective
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡violent¡¡and¡¡feeble¡¡characters
2¡£¡¡¡¡Psychology¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Commissaries¡¡or¡¡Representatives
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®on¡¡Mission''
3¡£¡¡¡¡Danton¡¡and¡¡Robespierre
4¡£¡¡¡¡Fouquier¡Tinville£»¡¡Marat£»¡¡Billaud¡Varenne£»¡¡&c¡£
5¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡destiny¡¡of¡¡those¡¡Members¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Convention¡¡who
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡survived¡¡the¡¡Revolution
BOOK¡¡III
THE¡¡CONFLICT¡¡BETWEEN¡¡ANCESTRAL¡¡INFLUENCES¡¡AND¡¡REVOLUTIONARY
PRINCIPLES
CHAPTER¡¡I¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡LAST¡¡CONVULSIONS¡¡OF¡¡ANARCHY¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡DIRECTORY
1¡£¡¡¡¡Psychology¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Directory
2¡£¡¡¡¡Despotic¡¡Government¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Directory¡£¡¡¡¡Recrudescence¡¡of
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡Terror
3¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Advent¡¡of¡¡Bonaparte
4¡£¡¡¡¡Causes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Duration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution
CHAPTER¡¡II¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡RESTORATION¡¡OF¡¡ORDER¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡CONSULAR¡¡REPUBLIC
1¡£¡¡¡¡How¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡was¡¡confirmed¡¡by¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Consulate
2¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡re¡organisation¡¡of¡¡France¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Consulate
3¡£¡¡¡¡Psychological¡¡elements¡¡which¡¡determined¡¡the¡¡success¡¡of
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Consulate
CHAPTER¡¡III¡£¡¡¡¡POLITICAL¡¡RESULTS¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡CONFLICT¡¡BETWEEN
TRADITIONS¡¡AND¡¡THE¡¡REVOLUTIONARY¡¡PRINCIPLES¡¡DURING¡¡THE¡¡
LAST¡¡CENTURY
1¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡psychological¡¡causes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡continued¡¡Revolutionary
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Movements¡¡to¡¡which¡¡France¡¡has¡¡been¡¡subject
2¡£¡¡¡¡Summary¡¡of¡¡a¡¡century's¡¡Revolutionary¡¡Movements¡¡in¡¡France
PART¡¡III
THE¡¡RECENT¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡REVOLUTIONARY¡¡PRINCIPLES
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
CHAPTER¡¡I¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡PROGRESS¡¡OF¡¡DEMOCRATIC¡¡BELIEFS¡¡SINCE¡¡THE
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡REVOLUTION
1¡£¡¡¡¡Gradual¡¡propagation¡¡of¡¡Democratic¡¡Ideas¡¡after¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Revolution
2¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡unequal¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡three¡¡fundamental¡¡principles
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution
3¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Democracy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡®¡®Intellectuals''¡¡and¡¡Popular
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Democracy
4¡£¡¡¡¡Natural¡¡Inequalities¡¡and¡¡Democratic¡¡Equalisation¡¡
CHAPTER¡¡II¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡RESULTS¡¡OF¡¡DEMOCRATIC¡¡EVOLUTION
1¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡influence¡¡upon¡¡social¡¡evolution¡¡of¡¡theories¡¡of¡¡no
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡rational¡¡value
2¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Jacobin¡¡Spirit¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Mentality¡¡created¡¡by
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Democratic¡¡Beliefs
3¡£¡¡¡¡Universal¡¡Suffrage¡¡and¡¡its¡¡representatives
4¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡craving¡¡for¡¡Reforms
5¡£¡¡¡¡Social¡¡distinctions¡¡in¡¡Democracies¡¡and¡¡Democratic¡¡Ideas
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡various¡¡countries
CHAPTER¡¡III¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡NEW¡¡FORMS¡¡OF¡¡DEMOCRATIC¡¡BELIEF
1¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡conflict¡¡between¡¡Capital¡¡and¡¡Labour
2¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡evolution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Working¡¡Classes¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Syndicalist
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Movement
3¡£¡¡¡¡Why¡¡certain¡¡modern¡¡Democratic¡¡Governments¡¡are¡¡gradually
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡being¡¡transformed¡¡into¡¡Governments¡¡by¡¡Administrative¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Castes
CONCLUSIONS
THE¡¡PSYCHOLOGY¡¡OF¡¡REVOLUTION
INTRODUCTION
THE¡¡REVISION¡¡OF¡¡HISTORY
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