the commonwealth of oceana-第12部分

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n　councils　resembling　those　of　the　Teutons；　to　which　the　lords　only　that　were　barons　by　dominion　and　tenure　had　hitherto　repaired；　Adoxus；　seeing　the　effects　of　such　dominion；　began　first　not　to　call　such　as　were　barons　by　writ　（for　that　was　according　to　the　practice　of　ancient　times）；　but　to　call　such　by　writs　as　were　otherwise　no　barons；　by　which　means；　striving　to　avoid　the　consequence　of　the　balance；　in　coming　unwillingly　to　set　the　government　straight；　he　was　the　first　that　set　it　awry。　For　the　barons　in　his　reign；　and　his　successors；　having　vindicated　their　ancient　authority；　restored　the　Parliament　with　all　the　rights　and　privileges　of　the　same；　saving　that　from　thenceforth　the　kings　had　found　out　a　way　whereby　to　help　themselves　against　the　mighty　by　creatures　of　their　own；　and　such　as　had　no　other　support　but　by　their　favor。。　By　which　means　this　government；　being　indeed　the　masterpiece　of　modern　prudence；　has　been　cried　up　to　the　skies；　as　the　only　invention　whereby　at　once　to　maintain　the　sovereignty　of　a　prince　and　the　liberty　of　the　people。　Whereas；　indeed；　it　has　been　no　other　than　a　wrestling…match；　wherein　the　nobility；　as　they　have　been　stronger；　have　thrown　the　King；　or　the　King；　if　he　has　been　stronger；　has　thrown　the　nobility；　or　the　King；　where　he　has　had　a　nobility；　and　could　bring　them　to　his　party　has　thrown　the　people；　as　in　France　and　Spain；　or　the　people；　where　they　have　had　no　nobility；　or　could　get　them　to　be　of　their　party；　have　thrown　the　King；　as　in　Holland；　and　of　later　times　in　Oceana。　　　　　But　they　came　not　to　this　strength；　but　by　such　approaches　and　degrees　as　remain　to　be　further　opened。　For　whereas　the　barons　by　writ；　as　the　sixty…four　abbots　and　thirty…six　priors　that　were　so　called；　were　but　pro　temp　ore；　Dicotome；　being　the　twelfth　king　from　the　Conquest；　began　to　make　barons　by　letters…patent；　with　the　addition　of　honorary　pensions　for　the　maintenance　of　their　dignities　to　them　and　their　heirs；　so　that　they　were　hands　in　the　King's　purse　and　had　no　shoulders　for　his　throne。　Of　these；　when　the　house　of　peers　came　once　to　be　full；　as　will　be　seen　hereafter；　there　was　nothing　more　empty。　But　for　the　present；　the　throne　having　other　supports；　they　did　not　hurt　that　so　much　as　they　did　the　King；　for　the　old　barons；　taking　Dicotome's　prodigality　to　such　creatures　so　ill　that　they　deposed　him；　got　the　trick　of　it；　and　never　gave　over　setting　up　and　pulling　down　their　kings　according　to　their　various　interests；　and　that　faction　of　the　White　and　Red；　into　which　they　have　been　thenceforth　divided；　till　Panurgus；　the　eighteenth　king　from　the　Conquest；　was　more　by　their　favor　than　his　right　advanced　to　the　crown。　This　King；　through　his　natural　subtlety；　reflecting　at　once　upon　the　greatness　of　their　power；　and　the　inconstancy　of　their　favor；　began　to　find　another　flaw　in　this　kind　of　government；　which　is　also　noted　by　Machiavel　namely；　that　a　throne　supported　by　a　nobility　is　not　so　hard　to　be　ascended　as　kept　warm。　Wherefore　his　secret　jealousy；　lest　the　dissension　of　the　nobility；　as　it　brought　him　in　might　throw　him　out；　made　him　travel　in　ways　undiscovered　by　them；　to　ends　as　little　foreseen　by　himself；　while　to　establish　his　own　safety；　he；　by　mixing　water　with　their　wine；　first　began　to　open　those　sluices　that　have　since　overwhelmed　not　the　King　only；　but　the　throne。　For　whereas　a　nobility　strikes　not　at　the　throne；　without　which　they　cannot　subsist；　but　at　some　king　that　they　do　not　like；　popular　power　strikes　through　the　King　at　the　throne；　as　that　which　is　incompatible　with　it。　Now　that　Panurgus；　in　abating　the　power　of　the　nobility；　was　the　cause　whence　it　came　to　fall　into　the　hands　of　the　people；　appears　by　those　several　statutes　that　were　made　in　his　reign；　as　that　for　population；　those　against　retainers；　and　that　for　alienations。　　　　　By　the　statute　of　population；　all　houses　of　husbandry　that　were　used　with　twenty　acres　of　ground　and　upward；　were　to　be　maintained　and　kept　up　forever　with　a　competent　proportion　of　land　laid　to　them；　and　in　no　wise；　as　appears　by　a　subsequent　statute；　to　be　severed。　By　which　means　the　houses　being　kept　up；　did　of　necessity　enforce　dwellers；　and　the　proportion　of　land　to　be　tilled　being　kept　up；　did　of　necessity　enforce　the　dweller　not　to　be　a　beggar　or　cottager；　but　a　man　of　some　substance；　that　might　keep　hinds　and　servants　and　set　the　plough　a…going。　This　did　mightily　concern；　says　the　historian　of　that　prince；　the　might　and　manhood　of　the　kingdom；　and　in　effect　amortize　a　great　part　of　the　lands　to　the　hold　and　possession　of　the　yeomanry　or　middle　people；　who　living　not　in　a　servile　or　indigent　fashion；　were　much　unlinked　from　dependence　upon　their　lords；　and　living　in　a　free　and　plentiful　manner；　became　a　more　excellent　infantry；　but　such　a　one　upon　which　the　lords　had　so　little　power；　that　from　henceforth　they　may　be　computed　to　have　been　disarmed。　　　　　And　as　they　had　lost　their　infantry　after　this　manner；　so　their　cavalry　and　commanders　were　cut　off　by　the　statute　of　retainers；　for　whereas　it　was　the　custom　of　the　nobility　to　have　younger　brothers　of　good　houses；　mettled　fellows；　and　such　as　were　knowing　in　the　feats　of　arms　about　them；　they　who　were　longer　followed　with　so　dangerous　a　train；　escaped　not　such　punishments　as　made　them　take　up。　　　　　Henceforth　the　country　lives　and　great　tables　of　the　nobility；　which　no　longer　nourished　veins　that　would　bleed　for　them；　were　fruitless　and　loathsome　till　they　changed　the　air；　and　of　princes　became　courtiers；　where　their　revenues；　never　to　have　been　exhausted　by　beef　and　mutton；　were　found　narrow；　whence　followed　racking　of　rents；　and　at　length　sale　of　lands；　the　riddance　through　the　statute　of　alienations　being　rendered　far　more　quick　and　facile　than　formerly　it　had　been　through　the　new　invention　of　entails。　　　　　To　this　it　happened　that　Coraunus；　the　successor　of　that　King；　dissolving　the　abbeys；　brought；　with　the　declining　state　of　the　nobility；　so　vast　a　prey　to　the　industry　of　the　people；　that　the　balance　of　the　commonwealth　was　too　apparently　in　the　popular　party　to　be　unseen　by　the　wise　Council　of　Queen　Parthenia；　who；　converting　her　reign　through　the　perpetual　love　tricks　that　passed　between　her　and　her　people　into　a　kind　of　romance；　wholly　neglected　the　nobility。　And　by　these　degrees　came　the　House　of　Commons　to　raise　that　head；　which　since　has　been　so　high　and　formidable　to　their　princes　that　they　have　looked　pale　upon　those　assemblies。　Nor　was　there　anything　now　wanting　to　the　destruction　of　the　throne；　but　that　the　people；　not　apt　to　see　their　own　strength；　should　be　put　to　feel　it；　when　a　prince；　as　stiff　in　disputes　as　the　nerve　of　monarchy　was　grown　slack；　received　that　unhappy　encouragement　from　his　clergy　which　became　his　utter　ruin；　while　trusting　more　to　their　logic　than　the　rough　philosophy　of　his　Parliament；　it　came　to　an　irreparable　breach；　for　the　house　of　peers；　which　alone　had　stood　in　this　gap；　now　sinking　down　between　the　King　and　the　commons；　showed　that　Crassus　was　dead　and　the　isthmus　broken。　But　a　monarchy；　divested　of　its　nobility；　has　no　refuge　under　heaven　but　an　army。　Wherefore　the　dissolution　of　this　government　caused　the　war；　not　the　war　the　dissolution　of　this　government。　　　　　Of　the　King's　success　with　his　arms　it　is　not　necessary　to　give　any　further　account　than　that　they　proved　as　ineffectual　as　his　nobility；　but　without　a　nobility　or　an　army　（as　has　been　shown）　there　can　be　no　monarchy。　Wherefore　what　is　there　in　nature　that　can　arise　out　of　these　ashes　but　a　popular　government；　or　a　new　monarchy　to　be　erected　by　the　victorious　army？　　　　　To　erect　a　monarchy；　be　it　never　so　new；　unless　like　Leviathan　you　can　hang　it；　as　the　country…fellow　speaks；　by　geometry　（for　what　else　is　it　to　say；　that　every　other　man　must　give　up　his　will　to　the　will　of　this　one　man　without　any　other　foundation？）；　it　must　stand　upon　old　principles　　that　is；　upon　a　nobility　or　an　army　planted　on　a　due　balance　of　dominion。　Aut　viam　inveniam　aut　faciam；　was　an　adage　of　Caesar；　and　there　is　no　standing　for　a　monarchy　unless　it　finds　this　balance；　or　makes　it。　If　it　finds　it；　the　work　is　done　to　its　hand；　for；　where　there　is　inequality　of　estates；　there　must　be　inequality　of　power；　and　where　there　is　inequality　of　power；　there　can　be　no　commonwealth。　To　make　it；　the　sword　must　extirpate　out　of　dominion　all　other　roots　of　power；　and　plant　an　army　upon　that　ground。　An　army　may　be　planted　nationally　or　provincially。　To　plant　it　nationally；　it　must　be　in　one　of　the　four　ways　mentioned；　that　is；　either　monarchically　in　part；　as　the　Roman　beneficiarii；　or　monarchically；　in　the　whole；　as　the　Turkish　Timariots；　aristocratically　that　is；　by　earls　and　barons；　as　the　Neustrians　were　planted　by　Turbo；　or　democratically；　that　is；　by　equal　lots；　as　the　Israelitish　army　in　the　land　of　Canaan　by　Joshua。　In　every　one　of　these　ways　there　must　not　only　be　confiscations；　but　confiscations　to　such　a　proportion　as　may　answer　to　the　work　intended。　　　　　Confiscation　of　a　people　that　never　fought　against　you；　but　whose　arms　you　have　borne；　and　in　which　you　have　been　victorious；　and　this　upon　premeditation　and　in　cold　blood；　I　should　have　thought　to　be　against　any　example　in　human　nature；　but　for　those　alleged　by　Machiavel　of　Agathocle