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the evolution of modern medicine(现代医药的演变)-第5部分

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〃Often; though; it belongs to the invisible world; and only reveals itself by 

the malignity of its attacks: it is a god; a spirit; the soul of a dead man; that 

has cunningly entered a living person; or that throws itself upon him with 

irresistible   violence。   Once   in   possession   of   the   body;   the   evil   influence 

breaks   the   bones;   sucks   out   the   marrow;   drinks   the   blood;   gnaws           the 

intestines     and    the   heart   and    devours     the  flesh。   The    invalid    perishes 

according   to   the   progress   of   this   destructive   work;   and   death   speedily 

ensues;     unless    the   evil   genius    can   be   driven    out   of  it  before    it  has 

committed irreparable damage。 Whoever treats a sick person has therefore 

two equally important duties to perform。 He must first discover the nature 

of the spirit in possession; and; if necessary; its name; and then attack it; 

drive it out; or even destroy it。 He can only succeed by powerful magic; so 

he    must    be   an   expert   in   reciting   incantations;     and    skilful   in  making 

amulets。 He must then use medicine 'drugs and diet' to contend with the 

disorders   which   the   presence   of   the   strange   being   has   produced   in   the 

body。〃'6' 

     '5' Maspero: Life in Ancient Egypt and Assyria; London; 1891; p。 119。 

     '6' Maspero: Life in Ancient Egypt and Assyria; London; 1891; p。 118。 

     '7'   W。   Wreszinski:   Die   Medizin   der   alten   Aegypter;   Leipzig;   J。   C。 

Hinrichs; 1909…1912。 

       In   this   way   it   came   about   that   diseases   were   believed   to   be   due   to 

hostile   spirits;   or   caused   by   the   anger   of   a   god;   so   that   medicines;   no 

matter   how   powerful;   could   only   be   expected   to   assuage   the   pain;   but 

magic   alone;   incantations;   spells   and   prayers;   could   remove   the   disease。 



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                        THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE 



Experience       brought    much     of  the  wisdom      we   call  empirical;     and   the 

records;     extending     for  thousands      of  years;   show     that  the   Egyptians 

employed   emetics;   purgatives;   enemata;   diuretics;   diaphoretics   and   even 

bleeding。     They    had    a  rich   pharmacopoeia        derived    from    the  animal; 

vegetable and mineral kingdoms。 In the later periods; specialism reached a 

remarkable development; and Herodotus remarks that the country was full 

of physicians;〃One treats only the diseases of the eye; another those of 

the head; the teeth; the abdomen; or the internal organs。〃 

     Our    knowledge      of   Egyptian    medicine     is  derived    largely   from    the 

remarkable   papyri   dealing   specially   with   this   subject。   Of   these;   six   or 

seven are of the first importance。 The most famous is that discovered by 

Ebers; dating from about 1500 B。C。 A superb document; one of the great 

treasures of the Leipzig Library; it is 20。23 metres long and 30 centimetres 

high and in a state of wonderful preservation。 Others are the Kahun; Berlin; 

Hearst and British Museum papyri。 All these have now been published 

the   last  three   quite   recently;   edited    by  Wreszinski。'7'      I  show    here   a 

reproduction       from    which    an   idea   may    be   had    of  these    remarkable 

documents。 They are motley collections; filled with incantations; charms; 

magical     formulae;     symbols;     prayers   and    prescriptions    for   all  sorts  of 

ailments。 One is impressed by the richness of the pharmacopoeia; and the 

high   development   which   the   art   of   pharmacy   must   have   attained。   There 

were     gargles;    salves;    snuffs;   inhalations;     suppositories;     fumigations; 

enemata; poultices and plasters; and they knew the use of opium; hemlock; 

the    copper    salts;  squills  and   castor   oil。  Surgery    was    not  very    highly 

developed; but the knife and actual cautery were freely used。 Ophthalmic 

surgery was practiced by specialists; and there are many prescriptions in 

the papyri for ophthalmia。 

     One     department      of  Egyptian      medicine     reached     a  high    stage   of 

development; vis。; hygiene。 Cleanliness of the dwellings; of the cities and 

of the person was regulated by law; and the priests set a splendid example 

in   their   frequent   ablutions;   shaving   of   the   entire   body;   and   the   spotless 

cleanliness of their clothing。 As Diodorus remarks; so evenly ordered was 

their whole manner of life that it was as if arranged by a learned physician 

rather than by a lawgiver。 



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                         THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE 



     Two world…wide modes of practice found their earliest illustration in 

ancient     Egypt。     Magic;    the   first  of   these;   represented      the   attitude   of 

primitive   man   to   nature;   and   really   was   his   religion。   He   had   no   idea   of 

immutable   laws;   but   regarded   the   world   about   him   as   changeable   and 

fickle like himself; and 〃to make life go as he wished; he must be able to 

please and propitiate or to coerce these forces outside himself。〃'8' 

     '8'   L。   Thorndike:   The   Place   of   Magic   in   the   Intellectual   History   of 

Europe; New York; 1905; p。 29。 

       The  point of   interest to us   is that in the  Pyramid Texts〃the   oldest 

chapter   in    human     thinking     preserved     to  us;  the   remotest    reach    in  the 

intellectual history of man which we are now able to discern〃'9' one of 

their   six…fold    contents   relates    to   the  practice   of   magic。   A   deep    belief 

existed as to its efficacy; particularly in guiding the dead; who were said to 

be   glorious by  reason   of   mouths   equipped   with   the  charms;  prayers   and 

ritual of the Pyramid Texts; armed with which alone could the soul escape 

the innumerable dangers and ordeals of the passage through another world。 

Man has never lost his belief in the efficacy of magic; in the widest sense 

of the term。 Only a very few of the most intellectual nations have escaped 

from   its   shackles。   Nobody   else   has   so   clearly   expressed   the   origins   and 

relations of magic as Pliny in his 〃Natural History。〃'10' 〃Now; if a   man 

consider the thing well; no marvaile it is that it hath continued thus in so 

great request and authoritie; for it is the onely Science which seemeth to 

comprise   in   itselfe   three   possessions   besides;   which   have   the   command 

and rule of mans mind above any other whatsoever。 For to begin withall; 

no   man   doubteth   but   that   Magicke   tooke   root   first;   and   proceeded   from 

Physicke; under the presence of maintaining health; curing; and preventing 

diseases: things plausible to the world; crept and insinuated farther into the 

heart of man; with a deepe conceit of some high and divine matter therein 

more than ordinarie; and in   comparison whereof; all other Physicke   was 

but basely accounted。 And having thus made way and entrance; the better 

to fortifie it selfe; and to give a goodly colour and lustre to those fair and 

flattering promises   of things;  which   our nature  is   most given   to   hearken 

after; on goeth the habite also and cloake of religion: a point; I may tell 

you;   that   even   in   these   daies   holdeth   captivate   the   spirit   of   man;   and 



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                         THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE 



draweth away with it a greater part of the world; and nothing so much。 But 

not    content    with    this  successe     and   good    proceeding;      to  gather    more 

strength   and   win   a   greater   name;   shee   entermingled          with   medicinable 

receipts     and    religious    ceremonies;       the   skill   of   Astrologie     and    arts 

Mathematicall;   presuming   upon   this;   That   all   men   by   nature   are   very 

curious and desirous to know their future fortunes; and what shall betide 

them      hereafter;    persuading      themselves;      that   all   such    foreknowledge 

dependeth   upon   the   course   and   influence   of   the   starres;   which   give   the 

truest    and    most    certain   light   of   things   to   come。    Being     thus   wholly 

possessed      of   men;   and    having    their   senses   and    understanding      by   this 

meanes   fast   ynough   bound   with   three  sure  chains;   no   marvell   if   this   art 

grew  in   processe   of   time   to   such   an   head;  that   it   was   and   is   at   this   day 

reputed   by   most   nations   of   the   earth   for   the   parago
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