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the evolution of modern medicine(现代医药的演变)-第50部分

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gestation。 Much of history is a record of the mishaps of truths which have 

struggled to the birth; only to die or else to wither in premature decay。 Or 

the germ may be dormant for centuries; awaiting the fullness of time。 

     Secondly; all scientific truth is conditioned by the state of knowledge 

at the time of its announcement。 Thus; at the beginning of the seventeenth 



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century;   the   science   of   optics   and   mechanical   appliances   had   not   made 

possible (so far as the human mind was concerned) the existence of blood 

capillaries     and   blood    corpuscles。     Jenner    could   not   have    added    to  his 

〃Inquiry〃 a study on immunity; Sir William Perkin and the chemists made 

Koch technique possible; Pasteur gave the conditions that produced Lister; 

Davy   and   others   furnished   the   preliminaries   necessary   for   anaesthesia。 

Everywhere we find this filiation; one event following the other in orderly 

sequence〃Mind          begets     mind;〃     as   Harvey     (De     Generatione)       says; 

〃opinion      is  the   source    of   opinion。    Democritus       with   his   atoms;    and 

Eudoxus   with   his   chief   good   which   he   placed   in   pleasure;   impregnated 

Epicurus; the four elements of Empedocles; Aristotle; the doctrines of the 

ancient Thebans; Pythagoras and Plato; geometry; Euclid。〃'2' 

     '2'   Works   of   William   Harvey;   translated   by   Robert   Willis;   London; 

1847; p。 532。 

       And; thirdly; to scientific truth alone may the homo mensura principle 

be   applied;   since   of   all   mental   treasures   of   the   race   it   alone   compels 

general     acquiescence。       That    this  general    acquiescence;       this  aspect    of 

certainty;    is  not   reached    per   saltum;    but  is  of  slow;   often   of   difficult 

growth;marked   by   failures   and   frailties;   but   crowned   at   last   with   an 

acceptance accorded to no other product of mental activity;is illustrated 

by every important discovery from Copernicus to Darwin。 

     The  difficulty  is   to get   men   to   the  thinking   level   which   compels   the 

application   of   scientific   truths。   Protagoras;   that   〃mighty…wise   man;〃   as 

Socrates called him; who was responsible for the aphorism that man is the 

measure of all things; would have been the first to recognize the folly of 

this standard for the people at large。 But we have gradually reached a stage 

in   which   knowledge   is  translated   into   action;  made   helpful  for   suffering 

humanity; just as the great discoveries in physics and chemistry have been 

made      useful   in  the   advance     of  civilization。   We    have    traced   medicine 

through a series of upward steps a primitive stage; in which it emerged 

from     magic     and   religion    into   an   empirical     art;  as   seen   among      the 

Egyptians   and      Babylonians;       a   stage  in  which   the    natural   character    of 

disease was recognized and the importance of its study as a phenomenon 

of nature was announced; a stage in which the structure and functions of 



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the   human      body   were    worked     out;   a  stage   in  which    the  clinical   and 

anatomical   features       of   disease   were   determined;   a     stage   in  which    the 

causes of disorders were profitably studied; and a final stage; into which 

we have just entered; the application of the knowledge for their prevention。 

Science has completely changed man's attitude towards disease。 

     Take     a   recent    concrete    illustration。    A   couple     of   years    ago   in 

Philadelphia and in some other parts of the United States; a very peculiar 

disease   appeared;   characterized   by   a   rash   upon   the   skin   and   moderate 

fever;   and    a   constitutional   disturbance     proportionate   to   the   extent    and 

severity of the eruption。 The malady first broke out in the members of a 

crew   of   a   private   yacht;   then   in   the   crews   of   other   boats;   and   among 

persons living in the boarding…houses along the docks。 It was the cause of 

a great deal of suffering and disability。 

     There were three courses open: to accept the disease as a visitation of 

God; a chastening affliction sent from above; and to call to aid the spiritual 

arm of the church。 Except the 〃Peculiar People〃 few now take this view or 

adopt     this  practice。   The    Christian    Scientist    would    probably     deny    the 

existence of the rash and of the fever; refuse to recognize the itching and 

get    himself    into   harmony      with    the  Infinite。   Thirdly;    the   method     of 

experimental medicine。 

     First;   the   conditions   were   studied   under   which   the   individual   cases 

occurred。 The only common factor seemed to be certain straw mattresses 

manufactured by four different firms; all of which obtained the straw from 

the same source。 

     The second point was to determine the relation of the straw to the rash。 

One   of   the   investigators   exposed   a   bare   arm   and   shoulder   for   an   hour 

between two mattresses。 Three people voluntarily slept on the mattresses 

for one night。 Siftings from the straw were applied to the arm; under all of 

which   circumstances   the   rash   quickly   developed;   showing   conclusively 

the relation of the straw to the disease。 

     Thirdly;     siftings   from    the   straw   and    mattresses     which    had    been 

thoroughly disinfected failed to produce the rash。 

     And fourthly; careful inspection of the siftings of the straw disclosed 

living    parasites;   small    mites;   which    when    applied    to  the   skin  quickly 



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produced the characteristic eruption。 



                                      SANITATION 



     WHEN         the   thoughtful     historian    gets    far  enough      away    from     the 

nineteenth   century   to   see   it   as   a   whole;   no   single   feature   will   stand   out 

with greater distinctness than the fulfilment of the prophecy of Descartes 

that we could be freed from an infinity of maladies both of body and mind 

if we had sufficient knowledge of their causes and of all the remedies with 

which nature has provided us。 Sanitation takes its place among the great 

modern       revolutions      political;   social    and    intellectual。    Great     Britain 

deserves the   credit   for  the  first   practical   recognition   of   the   maxim  salus 

populi     suprema      lex。   In  the   middle     and    latter  part   of   the   century    a 

remarkable group of men; Southwood Smith; Chadwick; Budd; Murchison; 

Simon; Acland; Buchanan; J。W。 Russell and Benjamin Ward Richardson; 

put    practical     sanitation    on    a  scientific    basis。    Even    before     the   full 

demonstration of the germ theory; they had grasped the conception that the 

battle had to be fought against a living contagion which found in poverty; 

filth   and   wretched   homes   the   conditions   for   its   existence。   One   terrible 

disease was practically wiped out in twenty…five years of hard work。 It is 

difficult to realize that within the memory of men now living; typhus fever 

was one of the great scourges of our large cities; and broke out in terrible 

epidemicsthe   most   fatal   of   all   to   the   medical   profession。   In   the   severe 

epidemic   in   Ireland   in  the   forties   of the   last   century;  one   fifth of   all   the 

doctors   in   the   island   died   of   typhus。   A  better   idea   of   the   new   crusade; 

made   possible   by   new   knowledge;   is   to   be   had   from   a   consideration   of 

certain diseases against which the fight is in active progress。 

     Nothing   illustrates   more   clearly   the   interdependence   of   the   sciences 

than   the   reciprocal   impulse   given   to   new   researches   in   pathology   and 

entomology         by   the   discovery     of   the   part   played     by   insects    in   the 

transmission of disease。 The flea; the louse; the bedbug; the house fly; the 

mosquito;      the   tick;  have    all  within    a  few   years    taken    their  places    as 

important transmitters of disease。 The fly population may be taken as the 

sanitary   index   of   a   place。   The   discovery;   too;   that   insects   are   porters   of 

disease has led to a great extension of our knowledge of their life history。 



                                  
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