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the evolution of modern medicine(现代医药的演变)-第53部分

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the    disappearance       of   yellow     fever   from    that   island。    To   a   man;    the 

profession   in   the   United   States   felt   that   could   Dr。   Gorgas   be   given   full 

control   of   the   sanitary   affairs   of   the   Panama   Zone;   the   health   problem; 

which   meant   the   Canal   problem;   could   be   solved。   There   was   at   first   a 

serious   difficulty   relating   to     the   necessary   administrative   control   by   a 

sanitary officer。 In an interview which Dr。 Welch and I had with President 

Roosevelt; he keenly felt this difficulty and promised to do his best to have 

it rectified。 It is an open secret that at first; as was perhaps only natural; 

matters   did   not   go   very   smoothly;   and   it   took   a   year   or   more   to   get 

properly organized。 Yellow fever recurred on the Isthmus in 1904 and in 

the early part of 1905。 It was really a colossal task in itself to undertake 

the cleaning of the city of Panama; which had been for centuries a pest… 

house;     the   mortality     in   which;    even    after   the   American       occupation; 

reached during one month the rate of 71 per thousand living。 There have 

been   a   great   many   brilliant   illustrations   of   the   practical   application   of 

science in preserving the health of a community and in saving life; but it is 

safe to   say  that;   considering   the   circumstances;   the   past   history;   and   the 

extraordinary difficulties   to be  overcome; the  work accomplished   by  the 

Isthmian   Canal   Commission   is   unique。   The   year   1905   was   devoted   to 

organization; yellow fever was got rid of; and at the end of the year the 

total mortality among the whites had fallen to 8 per thousand; but among 

the   blacks   it   was   still   high;   44。   For   three   years;   with  a   progressively 

increasing   staff   which   had   risen   to   above   40;000;   of   whom   more   than 

12;000 were white; the death rate progressively fell。 

     Of    the   six  important      tropical   diseases;    plague;     which    reached     the 

Isthmus   one      year;   was    quickly   held    in   check。   Yellow   fever;     the   most 

dreaded of them all; never recurred。 Beri…beri; which in 1906 caused sixty… 

eight     deaths;     has    gradually      disappeared。       The     hookworm         disease; 

ankylostomiasis; has steadily decreased。 From the very outset; malaria has 



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been taken as the measure of sanitary efficiency。 Throughout the French 

occupation it was the chief enemy to be considered; not only because of its 

fatality; but on account of the prolonged incapacity following infection。 In 

1906;   out   of   every   1000   employees   there   were   admitted   to   the   hospital 

from malaria 821; in 1907; 424; in 1908; 282; in 1912; 110; in 1915; 51; in 

1917; 14。 The fatalities from the disease have fallen from 233 in 1906 to 

154 in 1907; to 73 in 1908 and to 7 in 1914。 The death rate for malarial 

fever    per   1000    population     sank   from    8。49   in  1906    to  0。11   in   1918。 

Dysentery; next to malaria the most serious of the tropical diseases in the 

Zone; caused 69 deaths in 1906; 48 in 1907; in 1908; with nearly 44;000; 

only 16 deaths; and in 1914; 4。'*' But it is when the general figures are 

taken that we see the extraordinary reduction that has taken place。 Out of 

every 1000 engaged in 1908 only a third of the number died that died in 

1906; and half the number that died in 1907。 

     '*' Figures for recent years supplied by editors。 

       In 1914; the death rate from disease among white males had fallen to 

3。13    per   thousand。     The   rate   among     the  2674    American      women      and 

children connected with the Commission was only 9。72 per thousand。 But 

by far the most gratifying reduction is among the blacks; among whom the 

rate from disease had fallen to the surprisingly low figure in 1912 of 8。77 

per thousand; in 1906 it was 47 per thousand。 A remarkable result is that in 

1908   the   combined   tropical   diseasesmalaria;   dysentery   and   beri…beri 

killed   fewer   than   the   two   great   killing   diseases   of   the   temperate   zone; 

pneumonia and tuberculosis 127 in one group and 137 in the other。 The 

whole story is expressed in two words; EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATION; 

and   the   special   value   of   this   experiment   in   sanitation   is   that   it   has   been 

made; and made successfully; in one of the great plague spots of the world。 

     Month   by   month   a   little;   gray…covered   pamphlet   was   published   by 

Colonel Gorgas; a 〃Report of the Department of Sanitation of the Isthmian 

Canal Commission。〃 I have been one of the favored to whom it has been 

sent    year   by   year;   and;   keenly    interested    as  I  have   always     been   in 

infectious   diseases;   and   particularly   in   malaria   and   dysentery;   I   doubt   if 

anyone      has   read   it  more   faithfully。   In  evidence     of   the  extraordinary 

advance made in sanitation by Gorgas; I give a random example from one 



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of   his   monthly  reports   (1912):   In   a population   of   more  than 52;000;  the 

death rate from disease had fallen to 7。31 per thousand; among the whites 

it was 2。80 and among the colored people 8。77。 Not only is the profession 

indebted to Colonel Gorgas and his staff for this remarkable demonstration; 

but   they  have   offered   an   example   of   thoroughness   and   efficiency  which 

has won the admiration of the whole world。 As J。 B。 Bishop; secretary of 

the    Isthmian    Canal    Commission;       has   recently    said:  〃The    Americans 

arrived on the Isthmus in the full light of these two invaluable discoveries 

'the   insect transmission of   yellow   fever   and   malaria'。   Scarcely  had   they 

begun   active   work   when   an   outbreak   of   yellow   fever   occurred   which 

caused such a panic throughout their force that nothing except the lack of 

steamship accommodation prevented the flight of the entire body from the 

Isthmus。     Prompt;    intelligent   and   vigorous     application    of  the  remedies 

shown to he   effective  by  the   mosquito   discoveries   not only  checked   the 

progress of the pest; but banished it forever from the Isthmus。 In this way; 

and    in  this  alone;   was   the   building   of   the  canal   made    possible。   The 

supreme   credit   for   its   construction   therefore   belongs   to   the   brave   men; 

surgeons of the United   States Army; who by  their high devotion to duty 

and to humanity risked their lives in Havana in 1900…1901 to demonstrate 

the truth of the mosquito theory。〃'7' 

     '7' Bishop: The French at Panama; Scribner's Magazine; January; 1913; 

p。 42。 

       One disease has still a special claim upon the public in this country。 

Some   fourteen   or     fifteen   years   ago;  in   an   address  on   the   problem   of 

typhoid fever in the United States; I contended that the question was no 

longer in the hands of the profession。 In season and out of season we had 

preached      salvation   from   it  in  volumes     which    fill  state  reports;  public 

health journals and the medical periodicals。 Though much has been done; 

typhoid   fever   remains   a   question   of   grave   national   concern。 You   lost   in 

this state'7a' in   1911 from  typhoid fever  154 lives;  every one   sacrificed 

needlessly;   every   one   a   victim   of   neglect   and   incapacity。   Between   1200 

and 1500 persons had a slow; lingering illness。 A nation of contradictions 

and   paradoxesa   clean   people;   by   whom   personal   hygiene   is   carefully 

cultivated;     but   it  has   displayed     in   matters    of   public    sanitation    a 



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carelessness simply criminal: a sensible people; among whom education is 

more   widely   diffused   than   in   any   other   country;   supinely   acquiesces   in 

conditions often shameful beyond expression。 The solution of the problem 

is not very difficult。 What has been done elsewhere can be done here。 It is 

not so much in the cities; though here too the death rate is still high; but in 

the   smaller    towns    and   rural   districts;  in  many    of   which    the  sanitary 

conditions   are   still   those   of   the   Middle   Ages。   How   Galen   would   have 

turned up his nose with contempt at the water supply of the capital of the 

Dominion of Canada; scourged so disgracefully by typhoid fever of lat
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