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the ethics(part ii)-第10部分

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human mind (II。 xi。 Cor。)。  Let us suppose that there is  in God;



in so far as he is displayed through the human mind; an adequate



idea; A。  The  idea of this idea must also necessarily be in God;



and be referred to him in the same way as  the idea A (by II。



xx。; whereof the proof is of universal application)。  But the



idea A is  supposed to be referred to God; in so far as he is



displayed through the human mind;  therefore; the idea of the



idea A must be referred to God in the same manner; that is (by 



II。 xi。 Cor。); the adequate idea of the idea A will be in the



mind; which has the adequate  idea A; therefore he; who has an



adequate idea or knows a thing truly (II。 xxxiv。); must at  the



same time have an adequate idea or true knowledge of his



knowledge; that is;  obviously; he must be assured。  Q。E。D。







*****NoteI explained in the note to II。 xxi。 what is meant by



the idea of an idea; but we  may remark that the foregoing



proposition is in itself sufficiently plain。  No one; who has a 



true idea; is ignorant that a true idea involves the highest



certainty。  For to have a true idea  is only another expression



for knowing a thing perfectly; or as well as possible。  No one; 



indeed; can doubt of this; unless he thinks that an idea is



something lifeless; like a picture  on a panel; and not a mode of



thinkingnamely; the very act of understanding。  And who;  I



ask; can know that he understands anything; unless he do first



understand it?  In other  words; who can know that he is sure of



a thing; unless he be first sure of that thing?   Further; what



can there be more clear; and more certain; than a true idea as a



standard  of truth?  Even as light displays both itself and



darkness; so is truth a standard both of  itself and of falsity。







I think I have thus sufficiently answered these



questionsnamely; if a true idea is  distinguished from a false



idea; only in so far as it is said to agree with its object; a



true  idea has no more reality or perfection than a false idea



(since the two are only distinguished  by an extrinsic mark);



consequently; neither will a man who has a true idea have any 



advantage over him who has only false ideas。  Further; how comes



it that men have false  ideas?  Lastly; how can anyone be sure;



that he has ideas which agree with their objects?   These



questions; I repeat; I have; in my opinion; sufficiently



answered。  The difference  between a true idea and a false idea



is plain:  from what was said in II。 xxxv。; the former is 



related to the latter as being is to not…being。  The causes of



falsity I have set forth very  clearly in II。 xix。 and II。 xxxv。



with the note。  From what is there stated; the difference 



between a man who has true ideas; and a man who has only false



ideas; is made apparent。   As for the last questionas to how a



man can be sure that he has ideas that agree with  their objects;



I have just pointed out; with abundant clearness; that his



knowledge arises  from the simple fact; that he has an idea which



corresponds with its objectin other words;  that truth is its



own standard。  We may add that our mind; in so far as it



perceives things  truly; is part of the infinite intellect of God



(II。 xi。 Cor。); therefore; the clear and distinct  ideas of the



mind are as necessarily true as the ideas of God。







XLIV。 It is not in the nature of reason to regard things as



contingent; but as necessary。







》》》》》ProofIt is in the nature of reason to perceive things



truly (II。 xli。); namely (I。 Ax。  vi。); as they are in



themselvesthat is (I。 xxix。); not as contingent; but as



necessary。   Q。E。D。







ProofThe idea of a particular thing actually existing



necessarily involves both the  existence and the essence of the



said thing (II。 viii。)。  Now particular things cannot be 



conceived without God (I。 xv。); but; inasmuch as (II。 vi。) they



have God for their cause;  in so far as he is regarded under the



attribute of which the things in question are modes;  their ideas



must necessarily involve (I。 Ax。 iv。) the conception of the



attributes of those  ideasthat is (I。 vi。); the eternal and



infinite essence of God。  Q。E。D。







*****NoteBy existence I do not here mean durationthat is;



existence in so far as it is  conceived abstractedly; and as a



certain form of quantity。  I am speaking of the very nature  of



existence; which is assigned to particular things; because they



follow in infinite numbers  and in infinite ways from the eternal



necessity of God's nature (I。 xvi。)。  I am speaking; I  repeat;



of the very existence of particular things; in so far as they are



in God。  For although  each particular thing be conditioned by



another particular thing to exist in a given way; yet  th
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