ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡
part12-µÚ3²¿·Ö
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿! Èç¹û±¾ÊéûÓÐÔĶÁÍ꣬ÏëÏ´μÌÐø½Ó×ÅÔĶÁ£¬¿ÉʹÓÃÉÏ·½ "Êղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷" ¹¦ÄÜ ºÍ "¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©" ¹¦ÄÜ£¡
of¡¡St¡£¡¡Domingo£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡blacks¡¡are¡¡established¡¡into¡¡a¡¡sovereignty
_de¡¡facto_£»¡¡&¡¡have¡¡organized¡¡themselves¡¡under¡¡regular¡¡laws¡¡&
government¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡should¡¡conjecture¡¡that¡¡their¡¡present¡¡ruler¡¡might¡¡be
willing£»¡¡on¡¡many¡¡considerations£»¡¡to¡¡receive¡¡even¡¡that¡¡description
which¡¡would¡¡be¡¡exiled¡¡for¡¡acts¡¡deemed¡¡criminal¡¡by¡¡us£»¡¡but
meritorious£»¡¡perhaps£»¡¡by¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡possibility¡¡that¡¡these¡¡exiles
might¡¡stimulate¡¡&¡¡conduct¡¡vindicative¡¡or¡¡predatory¡¡descents¡¡on¡¡our
coasts£»¡¡&¡¡facilitate¡¡concert¡¡with¡¡their¡¡brethren¡¡remaining¡¡here£»
looks¡¡to¡¡a¡¡state¡¡of¡¡things¡¡between¡¡that¡¡island¡¡&¡¡us¡¡not¡¡probable¡¡on¡¡a
contemplation¡¡of¡¡our¡¡relative¡¡strength£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡disproportion
daily¡¡growing£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡overweighed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡humanity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡measures
proposed£»¡¡&¡¡the¡¡advantages¡¡of¡¡disembarrassing¡¡ourselves¡¡of¡¡such
dangerous¡¡characters¡£¡¡¡¡Africa¡¡would¡¡offer¡¡a¡¡last¡¡&¡¡undoubted¡¡resort£»
if¡¡all¡¡others¡¡more¡¡desirable¡¡should¡¡fail¡¡us¡£¡¡¡¡Whenever¡¡the
Legislature¡¡of¡¡Virginia¡¡shall¡¡have¡¡brought¡¡it's¡¡mind¡¡to¡¡a¡¡point£»¡¡so
that¡¡I¡¡may¡¡know¡¡exactly¡¡what¡¡to¡¡propose¡¡to¡¡foreign¡¡authorities£»¡¡I
will¡¡execute¡¡their¡¡wishes¡¡with¡¡fidelity¡¡&¡¡zeal¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡hope£»¡¡however£»
they¡¡will¡¡pardon¡¡me¡¡for¡¡suggesting¡¡a¡¡single¡¡question¡¡for¡¡their¡¡own
consideration¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡we¡¡contemplate¡¡the¡¡variety¡¡of¡¡countries¡¡&¡¡of
sovereigns¡¡towards¡¡which¡¡we¡¡may¡¡direct¡¡our¡¡views£»¡¡the¡¡vast
revolutions¡¡&¡¡changes¡¡of¡¡circumstances¡¡which¡¡are¡¡now¡¡in¡¡a¡¡course¡¡of
progression£»¡¡the¡¡possibilities¡¡that¡¡arrangements¡¡now¡¡to¡¡be¡¡made£»¡¡with
a¡¡view¡¡to¡¡any¡¡particular¡¡plan£»¡¡may£»¡¡at¡¡no¡¡great¡¡distance¡¡of¡¡time£»¡¡be
totally¡¡deranged¡¡by¡¡a¡¡change¡¡of¡¡sovereignty£»¡¡of¡¡government£»¡¡or¡¡of
other¡¡circumstances£»¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Legislature¡¡to¡¡consider
whether£»¡¡after¡¡they¡¡shall¡¡have¡¡made¡¡all¡¡those¡¡general¡¡provisions
which¡¡may¡¡be¡¡fixed¡¡by¡¡legislative¡¡authority£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡reposing¡¡too
much¡¡confidence¡¡in¡¡their¡¡Executive¡¡to¡¡leave¡¡the¡¡place¡¡of¡¡relegation
to¡¡be¡¡decided¡¡on¡¡by¡¡_them_¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡could¡¡accommodate¡¡their
arrangements¡¡to¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡state¡¡of¡¡things£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡countries¡¡or
powers¡¡may¡¡be¡¡found¡¡to¡¡exist¡¡at¡¡the¡¡day£»¡¡and¡¡may¡¡prevent¡¡the¡¡effect
of¡¡the¡¡law¡¡from¡¡being¡¡defeated¡¡by¡¡intervening¡¡changes¡£¡¡¡¡This£»
however£»¡¡is¡¡for¡¡them¡¡to¡¡decide¡£¡¡¡¡Our¡¡duty¡¡will¡¡be¡¡to¡¡respect¡¡their
decision¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡LIMITS¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡PRACTICABLE
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡_To¡¡P¡£¡¡S¡£¡¡Dupont¡¡de¡¡Nemours_
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡_Washington£»¡¡Jan¡£¡¡18£»¡¡1802_
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡DEAR¡¡SIR£»¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡rare¡¡I¡¡can¡¡indulge¡¡myself¡¡in¡¡the¡¡luxury¡¡of
philosophy¡£¡¡¡¡Your¡¡letters¡¡give¡¡me¡¡a¡¡few¡¡of¡¡those¡¡delicious¡¡moments¡£
Placed¡¡as¡¡you¡¡are¡¡in¡¡a¡¡great¡¡commercial¡¡town£»¡¡with¡¡little¡¡opportunity
of¡¡discovering¡¡the¡¡dispositions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡¡portions¡¡of¡¡our
citizens£»¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡wonder¡¡at¡¡your¡¡doubts¡¡whether¡¡they¡¡will¡¡generally
and¡¡sincerely¡¡concur¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sentiments¡¡and¡¡measures¡¡developed¡¡in¡¡my
message¡¡of¡¡the¡¡7th¡¡Jany¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡from¡¡40¡£¡¡years¡¡of¡¡intimate¡¡conversation
with¡¡the¡¡agricultural¡¡inhabitants¡¡of¡¡my¡¡country£»¡¡I¡¡can¡¡pronounce¡¡them
as¡¡different¡¡from¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cities£»¡¡as¡¡those¡¡of¡¡any¡¡two¡¡nations
known¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡sentiments¡¡of¡¡the¡¡former¡¡can¡¡in¡¡no¡¡degree¡¡be¡¡inferred
from¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡latter¡£¡¡¡¡You¡¡have¡¡spoken¡¡a¡¡profound¡¡truth¡¡in¡¡these
words£»¡¡¡¨Il¡¡y¡¡a¡¡dans¡¡les¡¡etats¡¡unis¡¡un¡¡bon¡¡sens¡¡silencieux£»¡¡un¡¡esprit
de¡¡justice¡¡froide£»¡¡qui¡¡lorsqu'il¡¡est¡¡question¡¡d'emettre¡¡un¡¡_vote_
comme¡¡les¡¡bavardages¡¡de¡¡ceux¡¡qui¡¡font¡¡les¡¡habiles¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡A¡¡plain¡¡country
farmer¡¡has¡¡written¡¡lately¡¡a¡¡pamphlet¡¡on¡¡our¡¡public¡¡affairs¡£¡¡¡¡His
testimony¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡¡is¡¡the¡¡best¡¡which¡¡can¡¡be
produced¡¡of¡¡the¡¡justness¡¡of¡¡your¡¡observation¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡words¡¡are¡¡¡¨The
tongue¡¡of¡¡man¡¡is¡¡not¡¡his¡¡whole¡¡body¡£¡¡¡¡So£»¡¡in¡¡this¡¡case£»¡¡the¡¡noisy
part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡community¡¡was¡¡not¡¡all¡¡the¡¡body¡¡politic¡£¡¡¡¡During¡¡the
career¡¡of¡¡fury¡¡and¡¡contention¡¡£¨in¡¡1800£©¡¡the¡¡sedate£»¡¡grave¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the
people¡¡were¡¡still£»¡¡hearing¡¡all£»¡¡and¡¡judging¡¡for¡¡themselves£»¡¡what
method¡¡to¡¡take£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡constitutional¡¡time¡¡of¡¡action¡¡should¡¡come£»
the¡¡exercise¡¡of¡¡the¡¡right¡¡of¡¡suffrage¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡The¡¡majority¡¡of¡¡the¡¡present
legislature¡¡are¡¡in¡¡unison¡¡with¡¡the¡¡agricultural¡¡part¡¡of¡¡our¡¡citizens£»
and¡¡you¡¡will¡¡see¡¡that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡nothing¡¡in¡¡the¡¡message£»¡¡to¡¡which¡¡they
do¡¡not¡¡accord¡£¡¡¡¡Some¡¡things¡¡may¡¡perhaps¡¡be¡¡left¡¡undone¡¡from¡¡motives
of¡¡compromise¡¡for¡¡a¡¡time£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡to¡¡alarm¡¡by¡¡too¡¡sudden¡¡a
reformation£»¡¡but¡¡with¡¡a¡¡view¡¡to¡¡be¡¡resumed¡¡at¡¡another¡¡time¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡am
perfectly¡¡satisfied¡¡the¡¡effect¡¡of¡¡the¡¡proceedings¡¡of¡¡this¡¡session¡¡of
congress¡¡will¡¡be¡¡to¡¡consolidate¡¡the¡¡great¡¡body¡¡of¡¡well¡¡meaning
citizens¡¡together£»¡¡whether¡¡federal¡¡or¡¡republican£»¡¡heretofore¡¡called¡£
I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡mean¡¡to¡¡include¡¡royalists¡¡or¡¡priests¡£¡¡¡¡Their¡¡opposition¡¡is
immovable¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡they¡¡will¡¡be¡¡vox¡¡et¡¡preterea¡¡nihil£»¡¡leaders¡¡without
followers¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡am¡¡satisfied¡¡that¡¡within¡¡one¡¡year¡¡from¡¡this¡¡time¡¡were
an¡¡election¡¡to¡¡take¡¡place¡¡between¡¡two¡¡candidates¡¡merely¡¡republican
and¡¡federal£»¡¡where¡¡no¡¡personal¡¡opposition¡¡existed¡¡against¡¡either£»¡¡the
federal¡¡candidate¡¡would¡¡not¡¡get¡¡the¡¡vote¡¡of¡¡a¡¡single¡¡elector¡¡in¡¡the
U¡£S¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡must¡¡here¡¡again¡¡appeal¡¡to¡¡the¡¡testimony¡¡of¡¡my¡¡farmer£»¡¡who
says¡¡¡¨The¡¡great¡¡body¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡are¡¡one¡¡in¡¡sentiment¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡the
federal¡¡party¡¡and¡¡the¡¡republican¡¡party£»¡¡should¡¡each¡¡of¡¡them¡¡choose¡¡a
convention¡¡to¡¡frame¡¡a¡¡constitution¡¡of¡¡government¡¡or¡¡a¡¡code¡¡of¡¡laws£»
there¡¡would¡¡be¡¡no¡¡radical¡¡difference¡¡in¡¡the¡¡results¡¡of¡¡the¡¡two
conventions¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡This¡¡is¡¡most¡¡true¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡body¡¡of¡¡our¡¡people£»¡¡tho'
divided¡¡for¡¡a¡¡short¡¡time¡¡by¡¡an¡¡artificial¡¡panic£»¡¡and¡¡called¡¡by
different¡¡names£»¡¡have¡¡ever¡¡had¡¡the¡¡same¡¡object¡¡in¡¡view£»¡¡to¡¡wit£»¡¡the
maintenance¡¡of¡¡a¡¡federal£»¡¡republican¡¡government£»¡¡and¡¡have¡¡never
ceased¡¡to¡¡be¡¡all¡¡federalists£»¡¡all¡¡republicans£º¡¡still¡¡excepting¡¡the
noisy¡¡band¡¡of¡¡royalists¡¡inhabiting¡¡cities¡¡chiefly£»¡¡and¡¡priests¡¡both
of¡¡city¡¡and¡¡country¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡I¡¡say¡¡that¡¡in¡¡an¡¡election¡¡between¡¡a
republican¡¡and¡¡federal¡¡candidate£»¡¡free¡¡from¡¡personal¡¡objection£»¡¡the
former¡¡would¡¡probably¡¡get¡¡every¡¡vote£»¡¡I¡¡must¡¡not¡¡be¡¡understood¡¡as
placing¡¡myself¡¡in¡¡that¡¡view¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡my¡¡destiny¡¡to¡¡come¡¡to¡¡the
government¡¡when¡¡it¡¡had¡¡for¡¡several¡¡years¡¡been¡¡committed¡¡to¡¡a
particular¡¡political¡¡sect£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡absolute¡¡and¡¡entire¡¡exclusion¡¡of
those¡¡who¡¡were¡¡in¡¡sentiment¡¡with¡¡the¡¡body¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nation¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡found¡¡the
country¡¡entirely¡¡in¡¡the¡¡enemies¡¡hands¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡dislodge
some¡¡of¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡Out¡¡of¡¡many¡¡thousands¡¡of¡¡officers¡¡in¡¡the¡¡U¡£S¡£¡¡9¡£¡¡¡¡only
have¡¡been¡¡removed¡¡for¡¡political¡¡principle£»¡¡and¡¡12¡£¡¡for¡¡delinquincies
chiefly¡¡pecuniary¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡whole¡¡herd¡¡have¡¡squealed¡¡out£»¡¡as¡¡if¡¡all¡¡their
throats¡¡were¡¡cut¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡acts¡¡of¡¡justice¡¡few¡¡as¡¡they¡¡have¡¡been£»¡¡have
raised¡¡great¡¡personal¡¡objections¡¡to¡¡me£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡a¡¡new¡¡character
would¡¡be¡¡£§_faded_£§¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡this¡¡government¡¡was¡¡first¡¡established£»¡¡it
was¡¡possible¡¡to¡¡have¡¡kept¡¡it¡¡going¡¡on¡¡true¡¡principles£»¡¡but¡¡the
contracted£»¡¡English£»¡¡half¡lettered¡¡ideas¡¡of¡¡Hamilton£»¡¡destroyed¡¡that
hope¡¡in¡¡the¡¡bud¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡can¡¡pay¡¡off¡¡his¡¡debt¡¡in¡¡15¡£¡¡years£»¡¡but¡¡we¡¡can
never¡¡get¡¡rid¡¡of¡¡his¡¡financial¡¡system¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡mortifies¡¡me¡¡to¡¡be
strengthening¡¡principles¡¡which¡¡I¡¡deem¡¡radically¡¡vicious£»¡¡but¡¡this
vice¡¡is¡¡entailed¡¡on¡¡us¡¡by¡¡the¡¡first¡¡error¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡other¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡our
government¡¡I¡¡hope¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡be¡¡able¡¡by¡¡degrees¡¡to¡¡introduce¡¡sound
principles¡¡and¡¡make¡¡them¡¡habitual¡£¡¡¡¡What¡¡is¡¡practicable¡¡must¡¡often
controul¡¡what¡¡is¡¡pure¡¡theory£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡habits¡¡of¡¡the¡¡governed
determine¡¡in¡¡a¡¡great¡¡degree¡¡what¡¡is¡¡practicable¡£¡¡¡¡Hence¡¡the¡¡same
original¡¡principles£»¡¡modified¡¡in¡¡practice¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡different
habits¡¡of¡¡different¡¡nations£»¡¡present¡¡governments¡¡of¡¡very¡¡different
aspects¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡same¡¡principles¡¡reduced¡¡to¡¡forms¡¡of¡¡practice
accommodated¡¡to¡¡our¡¡habits£»¡¡and¡¡put¡¡into¡¡forms¡¡accommodated¡¡to¡¡the
habits¡¡of¡¡the¡¡French¡¡nation¡¡would¡¡present¡¡governments¡¡very¡¡unlike
each¡¡other¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡have¡¡no¡¡doubt¡¡but¡¡that¡¡a¡¡great¡¡man£»¡¡thoroughly¡¡knowing
the¡¡habits¡¡of¡¡France£»¡¡might¡¡so¡¡accommodate¡¡to¡¡them¡¡the¡¡principles¡¡of
free¡¡government¡¡as¡¡to¡¡enable¡¡them¡¡to¡¡live¡¡free¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of
those¡¡who¡¡have¡¡not¡¡this¡¡coup¡¡d'oeil£»¡¡many¡¡unsuccessful¡¡experiments¡¡I
fear¡¡are¡¡yet¡¡to¡¡be¡¡tried¡¡before¡¡they¡¡will¡¡settle¡¡down¡¡in¡¡freedom¡¡and
tranquility¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡applaud¡¡therefore¡¡your¡¡determination¡¡to¡¡remain¡¡here£»
tho'¡¡for¡¡yourself¡¡and¡¡the¡¡adults¡¡of¡¡your¡¡family¡¡the¡¡dissimilitude¡¡of
our¡¡manners¡¡and¡¡the¡¡difference¡¡of¡¡tongue¡¡will¡¡be¡¡sources¡¡of¡¡real
unhappiness¡£¡¡¡¡Yet¡¡less¡¡so¡¡than¡¡the¡¡horrors¡¡and¡¡dangers¡¡which¡¡France
would¡¡present¡¡to¡¡you£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡to¡¡those¡¡of¡¡your¡¡family¡¡still¡¡in
infancy£»¡¡they¡¡will¡¡be¡¡formed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡circumstances¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country£»¡¡and
will£»¡¡I¡¡doubt¡¡not£»¡¡be¡¡happier¡¡here¡¡than¡¡they¡¡could¡¡have¡¡been¡¡in
Europe¡¡under¡¡any¡¡circumstances¡£¡¡¡¡Be¡¡so¡¡good¡¡as¡¡to¡¡make¡¡my¡¡respectful
salutations¡¡acceptable¡¡to¡¡Made¡£¡¡Dupont£»¡¡and¡¡all¡¡of¡¡your¡¡family¡¡and¡¡to
be¡¡assured¡¡yourself¡¡of¡¡my¡¡constant¡¡and¡¡affectionate¡¡esteem¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨TO¡¡BE¡¡LOVED¡¡BY¡¡EVERY¡¡BODY¡¨
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡_To¡¡Anne¡¡Cary£»¡¡Thomas¡¡Jefferson£»¡¡and
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ellen¡¡Wayles¡¡Randolph_
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡_Washington£»¡¡Mar¡£¡¡2£»¡¡1802_
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡MY¡¡DEAR¡¡CHILDREN¡¡¡¡I¡¡am¡¡very¡¡happy¡¡to¡¡find¡¡that¡¡two¡¡of¡¡you¡¡can
write¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡now¡¡expect¡¡that¡¡whenever¡¡it¡¡is¡¡inconvenient¡¡for¡¡your
papa¡¡and¡¡mama¡¡to¡¡write£»¡¡one¡¡of¡¡you¡¡will¡¡write¡¡on¡¡a¡¡piece¡¡of¡¡paper
these¡¡words¡¡¡®all¡¡is¡¡well'¡¡and¡¡send¡¡it¡¡for¡¡me¡¡to¡¡the¡¡post¡¡office¡£¡¡¡¡I
am
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿!
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԴ´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡